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                          THE SCIENTIST


VOLUME 8, No:5                                 MARCH 7, 1994
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

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TI :                      CONTENTS
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                            NEWS

CONSIDERING THE ALTERNATIVES: A recent boost in funding for 
the National Institutes of Health's Office of Alternative 
Medicine is indicative of rising interest in and support for 
research into alternative methods to treat disease--such as 
mind/body control, ethnomedicine, structural manipulation 
and energetic therapies, and bioelectric applications--in 
many establishment biomedical settings  
PG   : 1

HEALTHY CLIMATE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES: Top colleges and 
universities throughout the United States are responding to 
the demand for environmental education programs with new 
undergraduate degree programs, graduate-level research 
opportunities, and environmental colloquia. Many of these 
initiatives stress the importance of addressing today's 
environmental issues from an interdisciplinary perspective  
PG   : 1

A CASE FOR SCIENCE TEACHER EDUCATION: A new National Science 
Foundation grant to the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 
D.C., to establish the Carnegie Academy for Science 
Education (CASE) will offer training classes in science 
education to Washington-area elementary schoolteachers  
PG   : 1

SLOWLY RISING DIVERSITY IN SCIENCE: A new analysis of the 
U.S. work force by the Committee on Professionals in Science 
and Technology reveals that representation of women and 
minorities in science and engineering is rising, but quite 
slowly  
PG   : 3

SCIENTISTS CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE: One way in which the 
average scientist can make a direct contribution in the area 
of science education reform is to participate in science 
education partnerships that are springing up around the 
United States, says Art Sussman, director of the Far West 
Eisenhower Regional Consortium for Science and Mathematics 
Education. By going into classrooms to share their expertise 
with children at an early age, as well as by helping to 
shape science curricula, researchers can make an immediate 
impact  
PG   : 11

COMMENTARY: The Clinton administration is sending out mixed 
messages about its commitment to biomedical research and 
innovation, says John M. Clymer, vice president of Americans 
for Medical Progress. On one hand, Clymer says, the 
president pledged strong support for biomedical science in 
his State of the Union address; yet some of the suggested 
health-care reforms in the White House's Health Security 
Plan may severely limit such efforts  
PG   : 12

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY'S TOP-CITED PAPERS: The newsletter Science 
Watch recently examined the most-referenced papers in 
organic chemistry, a subdiscipline that employs a 
substantial number of research chemists  
PG   : 15

HOT PAPERS: A cell biologist discusses her paper on "switch" 
kinases--MAPKs  
PG   : 16

BRIGHT FUTURE FOR BIOLUMINESCENCE ASSAYS: Scientists, who 
searched for sensitive, nonradioactive assays to perform 
tests, turned to bioluminescence assays in the mid-1980s. 
Now these tests--based on light emission from a biochemical 
reaction--have increased dramatically in number as their 
technology has been refined  
PG   : 17

HELPING HAND FOR BIOTECHS: Through a new program, biotech- 
nology companies on Long Island, N.Y., can get help from 
local scientists and institutions in applying for federal 
research grants, part of an effort to jump-start the nascent 
biotech industry in the area  
PG   : 21

CARL STORM, former chief scientist and program manager for 
Los Alamos National Laboratory's Explosives Technology and 
Application Office, has become director of the Gordon 
Research Conferences  
PG   : 22

NOTEBOOK  PG   : 4

CARTOON   PG   : 4

LETTERS   PG   : 12

CROSSWORD PG   : 13

BIOLUMINESCENCE ASSAY PRODUCTS DIRECTORY      PG  : 19

NEW PRODUCTS    PG  : 20

OBITUARY        PG  : 22


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Alternative And Conventional Biomedical Research: A 
       Creative Synergy

AU   : FRANKLIN HOKE

TY   : NEWS

PG   : 1

     Editor's Note: This first part of a two-part series charts 
     the shared ground between research into alternative medical 
     therapies and basic biomedical research. Increasingly, 
     researchers are using powerful cellular and molecular tools 
     to uncover biochemical pathways that may, for example, 
     explain increasingly evident mind-body connections in health 
     and illness. The second part, to appear in the March 21 
     issue, will explore efforts to bring rigorous methodologies 
     to alternative medicine and the roles being played by 
     private foundations and medical schools in promoting new 
     collaborations between alternative and establishment 
     medicine.


Despite tight budgeting in many sectors of biomedical research, 
the fledgling Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) at the 
National Institutes of Health recently learned it is slated for a 
big financial uplift.

In each of its first two years of existence, 1992 and 1993, the 
office received $2 million; for fiscal year 1994, however, 
President Bill Clinton requested and received $3.5 million.

Although just a "drop in the bucket" of NIH's $11 billion overall 
budget, as OAM spokesman Jim Bryant notes, it is still a 
significant and symbolic increase for the young, high-profile 
office--likely to mean more money for grants.

The jump in funding at OAM is indicative of the rising interest 
in and support for research in alternative medicine in many 
established biomedical settings, according to scientists and 
officials. Teaching programs also are in place or planned at 
several top medical schools. The establishment of such programs 
suggests that tomorrow's biomedical professionals may be open to 
new categories of inquiry that fall outside of what currently is 
considered mainstream biomedical investigation.

For example, among the exploratory grants announced by OAM for 
1994 were support for a Medical College of Ohio study of massage 
therapy to counter HIV; a Pennsylvania State University College 
of Medicine investigation of music therapy for psychosocial 
adjustment after brain surgery; research into dance/movement 
therapy for cystic fibrosis at Hahnemann University in 
Philadelphia; a Harvard Medical School exploration of hatha yoga 
for illicit drug use; a University of Miami School of Medicine 
study of massage therapy for HIV-exposed infants; a Southern 
Illinois University School of Medicine examination of ayurvedic 
herbals for Parkinson's disease; Northwestern University research 
into T'ai Chi to treat mild balance disorders; and a study of 
prayer intervention against drug abuse at the University of New 
Mexico. Several private foundations are also funding innovative 
work in these areas.

And while most of the research is clinical or outcomes-oriented 
investigation, a synergy is developing with a number of basic 
science disciplines, some brand new, as questions arise about the 
underlying biochemical mechanisms of, for example, demonstrable 
mind-body interactions.

Defining The Terms
The field is not easily defined. Many researchers say simply that 
alternative medicine comprises those medical practices that are 
not commonly taught or used in Western medicine. Many of the 
techniques now undergoing scientific scrutiny in OAM-sponsored 
studies come originally from ancient traditions practiced in 
China and India.

One working definition of alternative medicine might be seen in 
six categories of grants currently offered by OAM: diet, 
nutrition, and lifestyle; mind/body control; traditional and 
ethnomedicine; structural manipulation and energetic therapies; 
bioelectric applications; and pharmacological and biological 
treatments.

In 1993, 30 grants in these areas were awarded by OAM. The grants 
were small compared with other NIH awards; the top dollar amount 
was $30,000. Other agencies, including the National Heart, Lung, 
and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute on Drug Abuse 
(NIDA), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 
(NIAID), and National Cancer Institute (NCI), also have funded 
research into these nontraditional studies.

A number of researchers in the field, however, say there is more 
to the concept of alternative medicine than its simply being 
unconventional; they claim that alternative medicine techniques 
share an integrative approach to human health that has been lost 
in much of Western medical practice. As such, they say, 
alternative medicine represents something of a corrective, whole-
body view to the conventional, specialized approach of biomedical 
science.

"It comes down to an old-fashioned word, which is physiology," 
says Candace Pert, a psychopharmacologist with Peptide Research, 
a Rockville, Md., consulting firm.

Pert's research has detailed the ways in which messenger 
molecules, such as neuropeptides, and their receptors extensively 
interlink the brain, the immune system, and the endocrine system. 
The result is a seamless, communicating whole of the brain and 
body, she says, an information network with properties synonymous 
with the usual concept of mind.

"The brain is not the mind," Pert says. "The molecules of the 
brain and the body are a manifestation of mind. But they're also 
just molecules and bands on gels."

Pert, who is also a visiting professor with the Center for 
Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience at Rutgers University in 
New Brunswick, N.J., prefers to speak of complementary--or 
interdisciplinary medicine--as opposed to alternative medicine. 
The integrative aspects of the new areas of study are crucial, in 
her view.

"These separate disciplines make it difficult to make progress," 
Pert says. "I think we're moving toward a much more 
interdisciplinary way of looking at things."

Other investigators agree that some of the new fields related to 
alternative medicine appear to be building bridges between 
fields. Researchers such as Pert say this aspect of their new 
disciplines mirrors the growing links they are discovering among 
major body systems, such as the nervous, immune, and endocrine 
systems. These disciplines include, for instance, 
psychopharmacology and psychoneuroimmunology.

"The field of psychoneuroimmunology, as a scientific discipline--
and I'm not talking about people who hang crystals from their 
rear-view mirrors, I'm talking about hard-core research--is 
showing that the nervous system and the immune system communicate 
with each other massively, extensively, and continuously," says 
David L. Felten, a professor of neurobiology and anatomy at the 
University of Rochester School of Medicine in New York. 

"There is as much a basis for biological signaling between these 
two systems as there is within each of the systems," Felten adds. 
"And, therefore, while it may have appeared that it was 
alternative medicine to begin with, I don't view it as 
alternative medicine. I view it as standard physiology, 
pharmacology, and neurotransmission."

Divergent Views
Not everyone, however, sees significant connections emerging 
between alternative medicine and basic biomedical sciences--at 
least not yet. They say that the gap between the two is real and 
substantial, and that it will not soon be bridged.

"The OAM is starting with clinical research of a very basic 
kind," says Barrie R. Cassileth, an adjunct professor of medicine 
at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and at Duke 
University, Durham, N.C. "Once some positive results emerge--if 
indeed there are any positive results--then people will start 
looking into mechanisms. But most of the regimens and therapies 
being investigated will be very difficult to examine in terms of 
underlying processes and principles."

How strong the links between alternative medicine and 
conventional biomedicine appear to an individual depends very 
much on how each area is defined, and there is a distinct lack of 
consensus. Moreover, not all treatments in these categories are 
likely to interact productively with basic scientific 
disciplines, according to researchers, especially not in the near 
term. In some areas, developing a rigorous methodology to test 
efficacy alone will be difficult, without addressing possible 
explanations through better understanding of the body's 
biochemistry.

In other areas--acupuncture, for example--alternative techniques 
are finding converts in conventional medicine and the underlying 
mechanisms are now being investigated. Cassileth, for instance, 
does not include such practices as biofeedback and acupuncture 
under the heading of alternative medicine. These, she says, are 
nearly mainstream, at this point. She also does not consider 
psychoneuroimmunology, which works to define the biochemical 
interactions between the nervous and immune systems, to be 
alternative medicine.

"We now know that these various systems are interconnected," 
Cassileth says. "That's not really alternative medicine."

"There is substantial demonstration that acupuncture is effective 
in certain situations, yet we don't know how acupuncture works," 
says Fredi Kronenberg, director of the Richard and Hinda 
Rosenthal Center for Alternative/Complementary Medicine at the 
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New 
York. "People are beginning to explore this, looking into whether 
there are endorphins involved, looking into the biochemistry. But 
we don't have the physiology of acupuncture well defined."

Mind-body medicine is, perhaps, the area in which biological 
discoveries are most likely to correlate with alternative medical 
techniques, scientists say. For example, Rochester's Felten has 
carefully mapped a number of important mind-body connections.

"We've been able to show," Felten says, "that noradrenergic 
nerves, coming from the sympathetic nervous system and hard-wired 
back into the central nervous system, actually have terminal 
endings, not just on smooth muscles and blood vessels, but also 
deep in the parenchyma of lymphoid organs, ending among both 
developing and mature cells of the immune system."

He adds: "So, there is an extensive communication network, going 
from the central nervous system to the immune system, with real 
functional consequences."

Among the implications, he says, is that the mind may be able to 
directly control aspects of the immune system.

"There is the possibility that, using behavioral interventions, 
we can influence the signaling, the transmitters, and the 
hormones every bit as much as if we gave pharmacological agents," 
Felten says. In discussing behavioral intervention, he refers to 
such treatments as stress- reduction therapies or peer support 
and counseling.

Such inquiries may have far-reaching effects on conventional 
biomedicine, say some researchers.

"You cannot ignore mind and have anything relevant to say about 
health and disease," says Peptide Research's Pert. "Health and 
disease have everything to do with emotions. They're not just 
some optional thing. And that really breaks the paradigm of 
Western medicine."


Special Interests?
Because of its affiliation with the prestigious NIH, OAM has 
received a great deal of attention since its inception. Some 
scientists, however, say that OAM was thrust upon NIH by Congress 
and was not the result of scientific interest within the 
institutes. 

"OAM came about not because of anyone in the scientific community 
believing that these things had merit or that they were 
appropriate for NIH to involve itself in," says William Jarvis, a 
professor of health promotion and education at Loma Linda 
University School of Public Health and president of the National 
Council Against Health Fraud, both based in Loma Linda, Calif. 
"Certainly no one at NIH thought that.

"Rather, it was because of political influence."
Sen. Tom Harkin (D-Iowa), chairman of the subcommittee on labor, 
health, and human services and education of the House 
Appropriations Committee, which oversees the NIH budget, pressed 
strongly for the office's creation. Former Iowa congressman 
Berkeley Bedell, who claimed he had had success with an 
alternative medical intervention for his prostate cancer, lobbied 
Harkin on the issue, according to OAM spokesman Bryant. Harkin 
himself took bee pollen therapy for allergies with some success, 
as well, Bryant says.

A number of other institutes at NIH, however, are also providing 
substantial funding for research that might otherwise be 
considered alternative medicine, according to Joseph J. Jacobs, 
director of OAM. This has been the case for a decade or more.

NHLBI, for example, funded the work of Dean Ornish, director of 
the Preventive Medicine Research Institute in Sausalito, Calif., 
Jacobs says. Ornish developed and clinically tested a successful 
heart disease reversal program based on a vegetarian diet, 
meditation, exercise, and support groups. As a sign, perhaps, of 
the growing acceptance of such therapies as a part of established 
medicine, Ornish's program was recently approved for 
reimbursement by a major insurer. NHLBI is also funding a project 
at the Maharishi International University in Fairfield, Iowa, to 
study the effects of transcendental meditation on hypertension, 
he says.

NIDA has funded projects looking at the use of acupuncture in 
treating substance abuse, Jacobs says, and NIAID is interested in 
the use of acupuncture to help people with AIDS who have 
peripheral neuropathy. The relationship between nutrition and 
cancer prevention is being studied at NCI, as well.

Changing Views
Overall, Jacobs says, this increasing activity represents 
important shifts in perspective on the parts of both patients and 
clinicians.

"There's a general awareness among clinicians that there are 
significant limitations in conventional medicine," Jacobs says, 
"especially if you're a primary-care practitioner, on the front 
line, dealing with chronic and debilitating diseases and the 
management of them."

At the same time, he says, patients often have access to research 
findings as they are published. This results in their 
participating, to a degree, in the ongoing controversies in 
medicine.

"Physicians are no longer the high priests of this mystery," 
Jacobs says. "Everybody has access to information now."

Another factor in bringing alternative medicine to the fore at 
this time is doctors' inability to counter such highly 
publicized, intractable diseases as AIDS, according to Sue 
Estroff, a medical anthropologist and an associate professor of 
social medicine  at   the  University  of North   Carolina   
School  of  Medicine in Chapel Hill.

"People with AIDS, since there seems to be little hope for them 
[with conventional medicine], have very consistently used all 
kinds of other therapies," Estroff says, "and I think it's 
forcing neurologists and infectious disease researchers into 
closer contact with these alternative therapies than they've ever 
been in their clinical and research lives. Some of them have had 
conversion experiences, where they've seen a patient's T cells do 
better than they should have. These are the most basic of the 
basic science types, those who would be the most skeptical."

Estroff met recently with Jacobs to discuss ways that medical 
anthropologists, many of whom have experience assessing non-
Western healing systems and views of illness, might contribute to 
OAM's efforts. "There are complicated analyses of, for example, 
the physiological and biochemical effects of three days of 
dancing and drum beats," she says.

Coming Together
As interest in the area continues to grow, collaborations and 
interactions between the researchers and practitioners of 
alternative medicine are expected to increase, too. The two 
groups may be able to mutually influence each other, giving 
greater scientific rigor to studies of alternative therapies and 
illness models, while simultaneously serving as a source of fresh 
insights for at least some segments of the conventional research 
community.

"One of the real benefits to come from this field [of 
psychoneuroimmunology] is not only the reductionist delving into 
mechanisms, but then the synthesis that's required, also," says 
Rochester's Felten. "It's no longer acceptable just to look at, 
for example, neurotransmitter effects on a cloned cell line. 
That's nice, and it will give you some clues. But then the next 
step is to take that back in vivo and ask what it means to the 
well-being of a mouse--or of a human.

"We're actually able to span from a level of cellular and 
molecular biology on the one hand, all the way to the more 
holistic, in vivo, physiologic approach on the other," Felten 
adds. "In fact, in this field, neither of those approaches by 
itself is suitable and satisfactory alone."

The combination of new and old medical perspectives holds great 
promise, Felten says:

"It's an exciting new aspect of medicine that we've had our heads 
in the sand over for many, many years. Now, all of a sudden, 
we've reinvented the wheel; but we've reinvented it at a time 
when the cellular and molecular technology is such that we can 
really go places with it."


ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE: INFLUENTIAL PUBLICATIONS

Two papers published in the past several years have served to 
stimulate widespread interest in alternative medicine.

One was a study by Stanford University researcher David Spiegel 
and colleagues (Lancet, 2[8668]:888-91, Oct. 14, 1989). Spiegel 
divided 86 women with metastasized breast cancer into two groups. 
Both groups received standard medical care, but one also 
participated in group therapy. Originally, Spiegel expected the 
study to show little, if any, effect from the psychosocial 
support. To his surprise, he found that the women receiving group 
therapy lived an average of almost twice as long as those in the 
control group, 36.6 months vs. 18.9 months. In fact, after 10 
years, only three women remained alive--all from the therapy 
group.


The other study that captured broad interest was published by 
David Eisenberg of Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel 
Hospital in Boston (D. Eisenberg, et al., New England Journal of 
Medicine, 328[4]:246-52, Jan. 28, 1993). In a survey of about 
1,500 people, Eisenberg found that one in three reported using 
alternative therapies in the previous year, a much higher rate of 
use than had previously been estimated. Most respondents said 
they also went to conventional physicians with their medical 
complaints, but did not tell their physicians about their use of 
alternative therapies. In addition, use of such therapies 
correlated with higher incomes and education levels, Eisenberg 
found.

--F.H.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Carnegie Institution's NSF Award Gives Boost To Science 
       Education

AU   : KAREN YOUNG KREEGER

TY   : NEWS

PG   : 1

Scientists, educators, and policymakers are giving high marks to 
a recently announced National Science Foundation grant aimed at 
improving science teaching in Washington, D.C.-area elementary 
schools.

The five-year, $3.7 million grant awarded to the Carnegie 
Institution, located in Washington, will be used to create a new 
entity: the Carnegie Academy for Science Education (CASE). The 
academy will offer a series of six-week teacher-training programs 
combining expertise from educators and scientists to introduce to 
Washington-based teachers innovative methods for getting 
elementary students excited about science.

"I'm very pleased to see that it [CASE] is happening in 
Washington, D.C.... I think it's important to show what this 
hands-on science education can do for children in Washington, 
where it is visible to important leaders," says Bruce Alberts, 
president of the National Academy of Sciences and a vocal 
proponent of science education reform. 

"On one hand, [CASE] is an example of the right kind of science 
education we need to start with in the schools, and on the other 
hand it's an example of the power of a partnership as a permanent 
resource and political force" for change in United States science 
education, Alberts adds.

Maxine Singer, a molecular biologist and president of the 
Carnegie Institution, explains that she and other scientists at 
the institution became involved in science education because of 
the larger problem of science literacy in the U.S.: "When I 
became president in 1988, I decided that we should take some 
responsibility for the sad state of science teaching in American 
schools." Singer notes that "the problem begins in elementary 
school," and this is where CASE will aim its attentions.

According to Alberts, "We [the science community] have a 
tremendous willingness to help" in the movement to improve 
science education, but we "haven't created a pathway" to do so.

Scientists and educators involved in the CASE program say that 
science education partnerships can touch the lives of scientists 
on two levels--by contributing to the nurturing of future 
generations of scientists, as well as informed citizens; and more 
directly by contributing knowledge in their area of expertise to 
educators and students.

For the most part, involvement by scientists entails volunteering 
their time and knowledge to partnerships like CASE and others 
across the U.S. (see accompanying story) in the form of talking 
with teachers and students about their work and science in 
general, checking the accuracy of subject matter in lessons, and 
sometimes helping to write curriculum.

Commenting on the role scientists will play in CASE, Chuck James, 
coordinator of curriculum and instruction for CASE and a 
Washington, D.C.-based science teacher, says that it is "clear 
that their role is going to be one of leadership." However, 
Alberts adds, scientists also have knowledge to gain--CASE and 
projects like it "have a very beneficial effect on how the 
scientists themselves teach."

In a larger sense, Alberts notes that projects like CASE can also 
contribute to improving public appreciation of science by finding 
convincing answers to the question: "What has the country 
received from all this investment [in science]?" He hopes to 
create more "fans of science" by encouraging researchers to 
become visible proponents of science in their community through 
volunteering in partnerships like CASE.

Guidance From First Light
Organizers hope to reach 50 teachers from five elementary schools 
in CASE's first session, slated for this summer. Singer describes 
the teaching methods that will be used by CASE as those that 
"center on the notion of trying to teach teachers how to teach 
science the way scientists do it, rather than the traditional 
way, which is by memorizing." The idea is for CASE graduates to 
adapt for their own classrooms what they have learned about 
science subject matter and teaching methods, she says.

Many of these methods were developed in another Washington-area 
partnership program, First Light, a hands-on Saturday science 
class for third- through sixth-graders who attend public schools 
near the institution's headquarters. Volunteer scientists and 
teachers work with students to perform laboratory experiments and 
go on field trips.

Margaret Jackson, a science resources teacher at Garrison 
Elementary School in Washington, and a First Light volunteer, 
says that children benefit tremendously from the interaction with 
researchers. "With the direct involvement by scientists, they can 
get an idea of how a scientist works--identifying problems, 
establishing hypotheses, collecting data, interpreting data, and 
formulating conclusions," she says. Jackson will also train CASE 
participants and help to coordinate science activities in CASE 
graduates' schools.

James, who is also director of First Light, says that CASE grew 
out of the successes of First Light: "We saw we had a broader 
base of people to work with." So, James explains, Singer decided 
to try to directly reach teachers with the CASE venture.

Core Partnership Vital
The key players--scientists, students, and teachers--at First 
Light and other science education partnerships all benefit from 
the three-way interaction, supporters say. Jackson finds her 
experience in First Light enriching and says she gains a lot of 
knowledge from the scientists who volunteer.

Julie McMillan, a molecular biologist at the National Institutes 
of Health in Bethesda, Md., and a First Light volunteer 
scientist, says her involvement with the program is among the 
most rewarding aspects of her career. "Apart from the personal 
rewards, it's taught me effective ways of teaching that are 
universally applicable," she says, referring to the hands-on 
approach espoused by First Light and CASE. For example, First 
Light participants conduct their own simple experiments to learn 
about physics principles, or visit the local grocery store to 
learn about nutrition.

McMillan adds that her experiences have "had an influence on how 
I think about doing my experiments in the lab." She explains that 
students are encouraged to always ask "Why?" This exchange of 
questions and answers between her and the students has made her 
"take less for granted the basic knowledge" and assumptions 
underlying her work. She has also learned how to better 
"communicate to nonscientists without talking down to them." Mc-
Millan hopes to be a volunteer for CASE, as well.

Juna Wallace, a third-grade student from a Washington, D.C.-area 
elementary school and First Light participant for three years, 
values her interaction with volunteer scientists: "It's very 
educational for many people because it makes science fun." She 
says she values the knowledge that scientists bring with them to 
First Light: "You can get science facts ... like if you ask them 
a question, they can answer it and give you a tip with it."

CASE also has supporters outside of the core partnership. 
Margaret Cozzens, a research mathe- matician and division 
director for elementary, secondary, and informal education (ESI) 
at NSF, says that CASE "is apt to show more scientists that they 
can actually be of some help to teachers in the schools." 
Specifically, CASE was successful because it paid equal attention 
to subject matter and pedagogical theory and because it included 
scientists and mathematicians as part of the project team, 
Cozzens says. 

Cozzens adds that about half of the proposals that NSF's ESI 
division receives are generated directly from scientists. The 
division solicits proposals that bring together teacher 
enhancement, curriculum development, and science education taking 
place in organizations such as community groups, schools, and 
museums.

"Our project [CASE] is really part of a movement in the science 
community," Singer notes. The goal of CASE over the next five 
years is to train 450 teachers and form partnerships with more 
than one-third of Washington's public elementary schools, about 
45 schools in total. However, as Singer points out, seeing a 
difference in students' learning and interest in science and 
mathematics is the primary goal. "We hope in the first year to 
see a difference in the classroom [of the teachers whom CASE will 
train] because that's the bottom line," she says.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


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TI   : NEW MANUAL EMPHASIZES EDUCATION PARTNERSHIPS

AU   : KAREN YOUNG KREEGER

TY   : NEWS

PG   : 8

Science education in the United States is in the midst of a major 
reform movement, scientists and educators say; it is also, some 
of them warn, in crisis. "We have a tremendous national problem," 
says Bruce Alberts, president of the National Academy of 
Sciences. "We are so far away from where we should be with regard 
to the seriousness with which we take children's education and 
the attention it gets from the whole country that we need a major 
change in our whole way of thinking." 

The producers of a new book hope to contribute to such a change 
of thinking by suggesting how scientists and K-12 teachers can 
collaborate to improve precollege science education. Recently 
published by the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 
Science Education Partnerships: Manual for Scientists and K-12 
Teachers is a collection of 34 articles describing ways to form 
partnerships among scientists, educators, and students.  

Specifically, Science Education Partnerships provides information 
on:

* effective partnerships linking scientists and teachers;

* work experiences for teachers and students in laboratories;

* sources of funds for collaborations between teachers and 
  scientists;

* in-service programs at universities or science centers;

* methods for evaluating a collaborative program; and

* how to sponsor a science contest, establish a seminar series, 
  change a science curriculum, and conduct and learn from education 
  research.

Articles offering practical information--such as a 10-step 
procedure for starting a partnership program--have been written 
by prominent scientists and science educators.

According to Alberts, there is "a tremendous amount of scientists 
out there who are eager to help" and create change in science 
education, but "they don't know how to help." He says that 
Science Education Partnerships gives examples of how scientists 
can contribute to such change.

The editor of the manual, Art Sussman, director of the Far West 
Eisenhower Regional Consortium for Science and Mathematics 
Education--a federally funded program located in San Francisco 
that coordinates educational reform efforts in California, 
Arizona, Nevada, and Utah--and past science director of the UCSF 
Science and Health Education Partnership, says that there are 
several items in the book of interest to scientists. For 
instance, articles outline funding sources for researchers 
interested in collaborating with educators and describe local 
science education partnership opportunities.

Science Education Partnerships was produced with part of a three-
year grant from the American Honda Foundation, based in Torrance, 
Calif., to set up the UCSF Science and Health Education 
Partnership. The partnership's initial aim was to produce a how-
to science education booklet of about 60 pages. However, as 
Sussman writes in the manual, "As we became more involved in the 
world of partnership activities, we became aware of the many 
different kinds of programs and resources that universities, 
science centers, and businesses share with K-12 schools, 
teachers, and students." The result is a 244-page book that only 
scratches the surface of partnership success stories, says 
Sussman.

Science Education Partnerships is available from Science Press, 
P.O. Box 31188, San Francisco, Calif. 94131; (415) 826-1626.

--K.Y.K.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Newest Environmental Science Programs Build On A Broader 
       Definition Of `Green'

Researchers at many U.S. universities are participating in 
curricula that now stress hard science

AU   : JULIA KING

TY   : NEWS

PG   : 1

Top colleges and universities throughout the United States are 
responding to an unprecedented demand for environmental education 
programs with new undergraduate degree programs, graduate-level 
research opportunities, and environmental colloquia.

What distinguishes most of these new programs from academia's 
previous environmental offerings is a high level of 
interdisciplinary study and a clear focus on hard science.

Over the last two years, Harvard and Yale universities and even 
Rockefeller University, which heretofore focused almost 
exclusively on basic research in the life sciences, have all set 
up formal environment programs that cut across traditional 
academic department boundaries.

At Yale, for instance, a two-year-old undergraduate program--
entitled Earth, Environment, and Resources--is offered through 
the department of geology and geophysics.

Additionally, Yale's Institute for Biospheric Studies, funded 
with a $20 million gift from Texas billionaire and businessman 
Edward Bass--who also funded Biosphere 2, the controversial giant 
Arizona greenhouse where eight researchers lived for two years--
functions as a canopy over several other environmental studies 
and research programs, including the Center for the Study of 
Global Change, Center for Earth Observation, and Center for 
Computational Ecology.

The proliferation of environment programs "reflects an increased 
awareness of environmental issues, which has accelerated over the 
past five to 10 years," says Jesse H. Ausubel, director of 
Rockefeller University's nine-month-old Program for the Human 
Environment. "The environment has become a mega-issue. It ranks 
with health, violence, and international conflict."

At Harvard, the new Environmental Science and Public Policy 
undergraduate program, which enrolled its first students last 
September, is just one of several environmental initiatives under 
way at the school, according to William Clark, director of the 
Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy 
School of Government and vice chairman of Harvard's University 
Committee on the Environment.

Comprising 30 senior faculty members representing every one of 
the university's schools and divisions, the group functions as a 
steering committee on environmental teaching, research, and 
outreach programs. All three kinds of programs have been boosted 
with a $2 million grant from the V. Kann Rasmussen Foundation, a 
charitable organization set up in Copenhagen in 1991 to mark the 
50th anniversary of the family business. Villum Kann Rasmussen 
started his eponymous company, which manufactures and sells roof 
windows and skylights, in 1941 in Copenhagen. In 1975, its U.S. 
distributor, Velux-America Inc., opened facilities in 
Massachusetts and, later, in South Carolina.

In addition to establishing the new undergraduate program, the 
committee's activities have included building a distinguished 
lecture series on environmental topics and setting up a biannual, 
university-wide research program on the environment. The topic of 
this year's collaborative research effort is energy development 
in China. Scholars participating in the program hope to produce a 
book on their work once it is completed, Clark says. Overall, 
more than 170 of Harvard's tenured or tenure-track faculty  
members are involved in major research in the environment, he 
notes.

Many other universities, including the University of California, 
Santa Barbara, have added new natural sciences-oriented tracks or 
study concentrations to existing undergraduate environment 
programs housed under a school or faculty of arts and sciences.


Also under development at UC-Santa Barbara is a new graduate 
School of Environmental Science and Management, which will begin 
accepting applications in the 1994-95 academic year. Once 
established, this will bring to 90-plus the number of graduate 
programs in environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry, 
and environmental sciences in the U.S. and Canada.

Interdisciplinary Focus
University-based environmental studies programs are by no means 
new. Some got their start as early as 1970, following the signing 
of the National Environmental Act, which made protection of the 
environment a matter of national policy. Today's programs differ 
from most predecessors in that they extend well beyond a single 
discipline or handful of environmental researchers to touch base 
with nearly all departments and disciplines on campus.

At Harvard, for example, students are permitted to pursue a 
particular area of environmental studies, but only after 
completing a broad curriculum in biology, chemistry, earth and 
planetary sciences, economics, government, and mathematics. In 
explaining this requirement, Clark notes that "the current crop 
of environment issues aren't addressed in their entirety from 
disciplinary perspectives around which the university has been 
organized."

Across the board, educators emphasize that an interdisciplinary 
approach is imperative if the new environment programs are to 
adequately prepare young scientists to deal with this era's 
highly complex environmental challenges. Solutions to problems 
such as ozone depletion or global warming may be grounded in hard 
science, but they also are driven by societal, political, and 
economic issues, all of which environmental scientists must be 
equipped to tackle.

"Cross-cutting may be the viable way to go because there's a 
green dimension to everything," says Rockefeller's Ausubel.

Unpublicized Funding Sources
Although Ausubel won't reveal exactly how his Rockefeller program 
is being funded "because it's political"--a sentiment that other 
environment educators echo--he does say that the 
interdisciplinary nature of today's environment programs has 
worked to attract a broad funding base, including "foundation 
money, some government money, and funds from industry." 

The problem, Ausubel explains, "is that nobody's money is 
considered quite clean by the public. Industry looks at private 
foundations as liberal do-gooders. A lot of citizens view 
industry with suspicion. The Department of Energy and government 
agencies are also looked at with suspicion. So it's best to have 
a balance of sources of funds."

Philanthropists like Bass, meanwhile, seem to view the university 
as an ideal place to funnel funds for environmental research and 
teaching. "Yale has great strength in the basic sciences," Bass 
noted in presenting the university with his gift of $20 million. 
As such, "I am convinced that Yale has extraordinary potential to 
take the lead in advancing understanding of the biosphere and in 
refining creative approaches to environmental  issues,"  he 
added.

Rockefeller's relatively small environment program is home to two 
full-time researchers in addition to director Ausubel: a 
physicist concentrating on materials flows in the environment, 
and an applied mathematician/computer scientist whose research 
centers on systems modeling and the use of computational tools.

Ausubel says that one of the program's main research themes is 
the long-term interaction of technological change with ecosystems 
and human health. Through seminars, workshops, and research 
collaborations, the program aims to "knit a community of interest 
and to cut across the compartments into which universities 
inevitably divide themselves," he says.

The goal of Stanford University's Global Environment Program, 
part of the Institute for International Studies, is similar, 
according to Donald Kennedy, a biologist and former Stanford 
president who is now Bing Professor of Environmental Science at 
the institute, as well as a biology professor at the university.

"The institute's role is to bring people together for 
collaborative research on environmental topics with international 
implications," Kennedy says. Research topics have included the 
use of herbicides in rice production in Southeast Asia and the 
implementation of market-based--as opposed to regulatory--
approaches to achieve environmental goals.

At the undergraduate level, Stanford also offers a degree in 
earth systems through its earth sciences department. Students in 
this program have the option of taking a junior-year seminar 
offered through the Global Environment Program. This 
undergraduate seminar and research program is funded in part by a 
grant from the San Francisco-based Richard and Rhoda Goldman 
Foundation, Kennedy notes.

Currently, Kennedy says, Stanford has no immediate plans to offer 
graduate degrees in environmental studies through the Institute 
for International Affairs. For now, the focus is on putting 
together useful collaborations. Once that has been done, he says, 
the university would consider setting up a formal graduate-level 
program and research center.


`A Broad Perspective'
The interdisciplinary approach is one that is being repeated 
throughout virtually all of the new environment programs, 
according to Thomas F. Malone, director of the Sigma Xi Center--a 
study branch of the honorary science society Sigma Xi--which 
sponsored a 1992 University Colloquium on Environmental Research 
and Education that was attended by representatives of more than 
50 academic institutions. What's driving this approach is "the 
increasing interdependence of the world," Malone says.

"We humans compartmentalize things, but the environment doesn't 
care about scientists or nonscientists or politics or economics," 
notes UC-Santa Barbara physicist and environmental studies 
professor Mel Manalis. "We need to produce people with a broad 
perspective."

Still, to offset the risk of creating students who know only a 
little bit about everything, including science, today's 
interdisciplinary environment programs also are placing a much 
stronger emphasis than ever before on chemistry, biology, 
physics, and mathematics.

"The route we've taken is that whether you're working in a 
technical area, [in] law, or at a nongovernmental organization, a 
firm grounding in the sciences matters a lot," says Harvard's 
Clark.

"People coming out of the [new undergraduate] program could go on 
to a graduate program in earth and environmental sciences, and 
they will have had chemistry for chemists and physics for 
physicists, not chemistry and physics for poets," Clark says.

According to UC-Santa Barbara's Manalis, it's especially 
critical to educate liberal arts students in environmental 
programs in the hard sciences "because it's these people who 
often turn out to be the movers and shakers in environmental 
policy."

Grounding an environment program in a thorough course of study in 
the natural sciences also works to lend it more credibility, 
according to Karl Turekian, a geology professor and director of 
Yale's Center for the Study of Global Change.

"The reason Yale created the Earth, Environment, and Resources 
program in the department of geology and geophysics was to give a 
hard science bias to environmental study," Turekian says.

Job Opportunities
About 50 percent of students currently enrolled at Yale's geology 
and geophysics department are pursuing a bachelor of arts degree 
under the Earth, Environment, and Resources program. From there, 
Turekian says, most will go to medical school, law school, or a 
professional school.

"People who take the environment track do so because that's where 
they figure the jobs are going to be," says Turekian. "It's not 
because they're all altruistic. They know they're not going to 
find oil anymore."

All in all, educators foresee a growth in job opportunities for 
program graduates, especially as environmental issues continue to 
move up higher on the national and global economic and 
sociopolitical agendas. Indeed, if the employment picture tracks 
that for environmental engineers, there could well be a shortfall 
of environmental scientists, some say. An estimate by Kenneth 
Noll, chairman of the Illinois Institute of Technology's Pritzker 
Department of Environmental Engineering, pegs the current annual 
shortfall of environmental engineers at about 3,000, for example.

Moreover, Rockefeller's Ausubel notes that over the last two 
years, he has received many more queries from institutions 
looking to hire high-level environmental researchers than 
inquiries from candidates seeking jobs. 

"In a period when the job market is generally depressed, I've had 
an awful lot of calls from people wanting to hire," he says. 
"People do not call for a midlevel person to work at an 
[Environmental Protection Agency] lab, but for people at the high 
end of the market," he notes. "I'm not aware of any unemployed 
first-rate people or first-rate graduates."


Julia King is a freelance writer based in Ridley Park, Pa.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
              
              ================================

NEXT:


-----------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Report: Gender, Ethnic Diversity Coming Slowly To Science

AU   : NEERAJA SANKARAN

TY   : NEWS

PG   : 3


The latest analysis of the composition of the United States 
work force by the Washington, D.C.-based Commission on 
Professionals in Science and Technology (CPST) shows that 
the number of women and minorities in science and technology 
is increasing, albeit slowly. The commission, a nonprofit 
corporation whose purpose is to collect, analyze, and 
disseminate reliable information about human resources in 
the sciences and technology, released its findings in a book 
titled Professional Women and Minorities: A Total Human 
Resources Data Compendium, published in January. 

The statistical compendium shows that a significant number 
of women are getting higher educational degrees (54 percent 
of bachelor's and master's degrees in all fields in 1991 
were obtained by women), but are still represented 
relatively poorly in the natural sciences and engineering, 
compared with their male counterparts, earning between 22 
percent and 31 percent of the degrees conferred at the 
various levels (bachelor's, mas-ter's, and Ph.D.). 

In the U.S. labor force, too, women's representation among 
professionals is on the rise, accounting for a very high 
percentage among psychologists and economists employed, the 
report found. A majority (87 percent) of the employees in 
health-related fields, such as nurses, dietitians, and 
pharmacists, are also women. However, women constitute only 
about 10 percent of those employed in engineering and the 
physical sciences professions (see accompanying chart). In 
academia, women made up about 22 percent of the total 
science faculty.

"More women are getting better prepared [educated]," says 
Eleanor Babco, associate director of CPST, adding that this 
is not necessarily reflected immediately in the overall 
employment picture. "Adding even 10,000 [women] to a base 
population of 3 million [total employees in the work force] 
will not change the proportion significantly."

"While these tables show the success of attraction 
strategies," says Catherine Didion, executive director of 
the Washington, D.C.-based Association for Women in Science 
(AWIS),  referring to efforts to draw more women toward 
studying science, "[employers] still need to work on 
retention strategies." The exit rates, excluding retirement, 
for women from careers in science and engineering were twice 
as high as those of men in the seven-year period between 
1982 and 1989, according to a 1992 report prepared for the 
New York City-based Alfred P. Sloan Foundation by Anne E. 
Preston, a professor of economics at the Harriman School for 
Management and Policy at the State University of New York, 
Stony Brook. 

"Keeping the people in; that is the sticky part," says 
Didion. "This is where the need for systemic changes becomes 
obvious."

A membership survey conducted by AWIS in 1992 (J. Hart, AWIS 
Magazine, 23:14, January/February 1994) reveals that 
members' most pressing concerns include inequity in pay and 
tenure for women vs. men (according to the CPST data 
compendium, only half of women faculty are tenured, compared 
with 73 percent of the men), as well as child-care and 
family-leave issues.

"A lot of these issues are marginalized as `women's' 
issues," says Didion, "but we are kidding ourselves if we 
think everyone does not have to deal with them. It is in the 
interest of the employers to address them."

The CPST compendium notes that the fastest-growing ethnic 
minority in the United States is Hispanics, constituting 
about 9.5 percent of the total population, according to 
census data. However, statistics for 1991 show that they 
made up only about 3 percent of total 1991 college 
graduates, with roughly similar graduation rates in the 
sciences and engineering.

"This is a very low representation," says Orlando Gutierrez, 
national president of the Society of Hispanic Professional 
Engineers (SHPE), a member society of CPST. "On the positive 
side, though, we have seen an increase from 2.5 percent to 3 
percent--that is, a 20 percent increase--in the past five 
years among engineering graduates."

 Gutierrez, a retired engineer who worked for the National 
Aeronautics and Space Administration in Washington, D.C., 
for three decades, says that the key to better 
representation is to provide better motivation and training 
from the pre-collegiate level on. "SHPE has several programs 
in place to prepare students early on by providing them with 
mentors and role models to prevent early college dropout," 
he says. "College dropout rates are highest in the freshman 
and sophomore years. Networking is proving to have good 
results. Student members of the college chapters of SHPE 
show a much higher graduation rate--70 percent in the past 
five years--than [Hispanic] students who are not members."

Raul Alvarado, Jr., an aerospace engineer with McDonnell 
Douglas Aerospace Corp. in Huntington Beach, Calif., and 
chairman of the Los Angeles-based SHPE Foundation, whose 
function is to raise funds for supporting student members 
via scholarships, feels that the 3 percent graduation figure 
"... may be a little conservative."

"Quality is the real key," says Alvarado, stating that the 
working Hispanic population demonstrates a high level of 
competence.

"Our goal is to motivate more students to get their 
Ph.D.'s," says Gutierrez, adding that Hispanic 
representation is particularly low in academia. The 
compendium shows, however, that more Hispanic Americans are 
getting doctoral degrees, reaching a total of 755 in 1992; 
147 of these were in science subjects and 58 were 
engineering Ph.D.'s.

Statistics also show that increasing numbers of Ph.D.'s in 
the sciences are awarded to foreign nationals, from 31 
percent of the total in 1991 to 39 percent in 1992.

These statistics are compiled in more than 300 charts and 
tables in Professional Women and Minorities. "The big thing 
is that we have been able to use all the census data from 
1990, which gives us a better idea of what the population is 
looking like," says Babco.

For information on how to obtain the compendium, contact 
CPST, 1500 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Suite 831, Washington 
D.C. 20005; (202) 223-6995. Fax: (202)-223-6444.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================

NEXT:


                            NOTEBOOK

------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Probe Of Stewart And Feder Transfer

TY   : NEWS (NOTEBOOK)

PG   : 4

Sen. Charles Grassley (R-Iowa) announced February 14 that the 
General Accounting Office had agreed to undertake an 
investigation of the April 1993 forced reassignments of Walter 
Stewart and Ned Feder at the National Institutes of Health. The 
internal personnel transfer effectively ended the pair's long-
standing but controversial scientific misconduct investigations 
at NIH. Their offices, containing confidential files on many 
cases of potential misconduct, have been sealed since the 
transfer. In September 1993, Grassley and Sen. William Cohen (R-
Maine) asked for a GAO investigation of the action against 
Stewart and Feder as a possible violation of the Whistleblower 
Protection Act of 1989, of which the two senators were 
cosponsors. "I believe it is vital that those who reveal waste 
and fraud of taxpayer money be protected from reprisal," Grassley 
said in a statement.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)
  
              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Going To The Source

TY   : NEWS (NOTEBOOK)

PG   : 4

As readers of The Scientist's Jan. 24, 1994, issue learned, 
National Science Foundation director Neal Lane recognizes that 
women are "underrepresented" in science. He expressed his 
feelings on page 12 of that issue in a commentary titled "Women 
In Science: Much Has Been Accomplished, But Much Remains To Be 
Done." Lane called on members of the science, math, and 
engineering community "to accelerate progress to provide women 
the same opportunities as men," and invited readers to share with 
him any ideas on this issue by writing to him at: NSF, 4201 
Wilson Blvd., Arlington, Va. 22230. Now, Lane has established an 
ad hoc E-mail address dedicated to receiving suggestions on 
improving the status of women in science. 

Readers are invited to submit their ideas to Lane at the 
following address: 
eowomen@nsf.gov. 

This direct link will be in effect until mid-August.

(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : NIH AIDS Office Head Named

TY   : NEWS (NOTEBOOK)

PG   : 4

On February 16, National Institutes of Health director Harold 
Varmus named a National Institute of Allergy and Infectious 
Diseases (NIAID) immunologist, William E. Paul, to head the 
Office of AIDS Research (OAR). Paul was a member of the search 
committee for the position until other committee members 
prevailed upon him to consider the post himself. He will oversee 
an OAR newly consolidated by the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993. 
Under that law, OAR will directly control the $1.3 billion in 
AIDS funding for all of the NIH institutes, including a $100 
million discretionary research fund. The 1993 legislation also 
removed OAR from the jurisdiction of Paul's former boss, NIAID 
director Anthony S. Fauci, who had originally created a less-
powerful version of OAR in 1988. AIDS activists say they are 
pleased with the appointment, but will be watching closely to see 
how the Paul-Fauci relationship develops.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Does It Pay To Advertise?

TY   : NEWS (NOTEBOOK)

PG   : 4

Launched last November and running through this coming May, a 
celebratory series of lectures, seminars, and symposia at New 
York City's Rockefeller University honors three scientists--
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. As noted in the 
Feb. 21, 1994, issue of The Scientist (J. Lederberg, page 11), 
this year marks the 50th anniversary of the publication by this 
trio of a research report that, essentially, showed that genes 
are made of DNA ("Studies on the chemical nature of the substance 
inducing transformation of pneumococcal types," Journal of 
Experimental Medicine, 79:137-58, Feb. 1, 1944). According to 
many scientists intimately acquainted with the team's 
achievements, it is a disappointing footnote to the history of 
20th-century genetics that Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty were never 
awarded the Nobel Prize--despite their reputation for having 
provided the gateway to modern biomedical research. At one of the 
celebratory events last month, Nobel Prize-winning molecular 
virologist Alfred Hershey posed a relatively simple explanation 
for the team's regrettable underrecognition; in so doing, Hershey 
may have delivered a subtle message to those of today's 
scientists who consider self-promotion a vice: "If their work did 
not have a more immediate impact," Hershey said of the Avery 
team, "it was due to their modesty. They refused to advertise."


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Scents And Sensibility

TY   : NEWS (NOTEBOOK)

PG   : 4

Researchers at the University of Washington's Center for Process 
Analytical Chemistry (CPAC) have fashioned a device to detect 
odors--especially bad ones, indicating spoilage--in foods during 
their processing. The artificial "nose" consists of four quartz 
crystals, each coated with a polymer film sensor to selectively 
bind molecules belonging to four distinct aroma groups. The 
molecules cause changes in the surface properties (temperature or 
mass) of the crystals, which in turn affect the frequency and 
speed of sound waves vibrating in the crystal.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Information Freebie

TY   : NEWS (NOTEBOOK)

PG   : 4

Searching for information on the National Library of Medicine's 
(NLM) AIDS-related databases is now free. This change in policy 
is a direct result of recommendations made at the National 
Institutes of Health HIV/AIDS Information Services Conference 
last June, where attendees said that fees were inhibiting their 
access to information. Four databases are affected: AIDSLINE, 
with 90,000 references in journals, books, audiovisuals, and 
conference abstracts; AIDSTRIALS, containing information on 500 
clinical trials of drugs and vaccines; AIDSDRUGS, which lists 190 
agents tested in clinical trials; and DIRLINE, with information 
on 15,000 organizations and information services that provide 
HIV/AIDS and health-related information to the public. For more 
information, contact Robert Mehnert, Office of Public 
Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of 
Health, Bethesda, Md. 20894; (301) 496-6308.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Law Enforcement's Other `Bug'

TY   : NEWS (NOTEBOOK)

PG   : 4


Forensic experts may be able to use insects in determining 
the geographic location of a murder. Alexis Byrne, a 
biochemistry major in her senior year at the University of 
Georgia, Athens,  has shown that the biochemical composition 
of an insect's cuticle--the creatures' hard-shell outer 
covering--can give valuable information regarding the type 
of area it normally inhabits. As insects are among the first 
living things to discover and infiltrate a dead body, Byrne 
and Karl Espelie, a professor of entomology at Georgia, 
speculate that it would be possible to determine whether a 
dead body was moved from the original scene of the crime by 
investigating the insects associated with it. Byrne, who 
conducted this research as part of her senior project under 
Espelie's guidance, was awarded the President's Prize at a 
research presentation competition sponsored by the 
Entomological Society of America.  


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


                          OPINION

----------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Education Partnerships Foster Students' Science 
       Literacy

AU   : ART SUSSMAN

TY   : OPINION

PG   : 11

Scholarly reports and headlines in the popular press 
continue sounding the alarm: United States students, 
compared with students of other nations, perform at mediocre 
to abysmal levels in science and mathematics. We see 
evidence of this deficiency in our classrooms, work 
settings, and social interactions. Today's high school 
graduates, generally speaking, do not understand basic 
science concepts, have no interest in pursuing scientific 
careers, and have numerous misconceptions about and mistrust 
toward scientists and scientific institutions.

To help remedy this situation, many scientists these days 
are taking time to share their world--and themselves--with 
teachers and students from kindergarten through high school. 
These scientists have a variety of motives: Some simply want 
to provide assistance in response to a pressing need; they 
are expressing a concern for providing the next generation 
of scientists and technicians. Others are seeking a way to 
reciprocate for the mentoring and programs that inspired 
them as students. Still others have a professional 
motivation; they want to help create an educated citizenry 
that understands the need for funding basic research, 
expanding laboratory facilities, and taking well-informed 
positions on such volatile issues as the use of animals in 
research. 

Meanwhile, government policy- makers, in calling for reforms 
in science education, often cite national economic 
interests--the need for a scientifically literate and 
mathematically empowered work force to compete in the global 
marketplace.

I prefer to emphasize that all members of our society need 
to be scientifically literate for their own well-being and 
for the health of our society. Our democracy depends on the 
ability of citizens to solve problems, address technical 
issues, and make wise choices for themselves, their country, 
and the planet.

Maximizing The Benefits
How can scientists provide the most valuable services to the 
precollege education community? The simplest way is to 
personally participate in these partnerships--to volunteer 
in a school, perhaps one that their children attend or one 
that is close to home or work. Another effective way is for 
scientists to help form ongoing partnerships between the 
local school systems and their colleges, universities, or 
companies.

As increasing numbers of scientists, universities, and 
businesses have become involved in such partnerships, 
questions have been raised about how to maximize the 
benefits they provide. A hopeful sign in this regard is the 
current emergence of a national consensus concerning the 
kinds of reforms that are needed in precollege science 
education. Publications from the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science (AAAS), preliminary science 
education standards from the National Academy of Sciences, 
and state guides such as the California Science Framework 
for Public Schools all describe mutually supportive guiding 
principles for reforming science education.

To be most effective, science education partnerships should 
align themselves with this consensus; the scientists, 
universities, and businesses involved will thus be 
addressing the same issues in similar ways, and the 
resulting partnerships will be far better able to provide 
the kinds of services that schools need. The pertinent 
issues have to do with new models of curriculum content and 
pedagogy; different ways of finding out what students know 
and have learned; and realistic appraisals of the additional 
training and support that teachers need.

Changing Roles
The science education reform movement has several key 
features. Perhaps most important, it aims to reach all 
students. Science is not a subject that is reserved for an 
elite group of white males. Everybody should be able to 
enjoy and succeed in science. Thus, the need to reach all 
citizens is particularly important when it comes to those 
groups that are underrepresented in science. In this 
respect, reform particularly must seek to correct current 
gross inequities suffered by ethnic minorities and females--
inequities that reflect deficiencies in our educational 
system as well as our society.

The reform framework also calls for a radical change in the 
roles of the student and the teacher. The term 
"constructivism" is often used to describe the new approach. 
The students construct their own meaning as they 
individually integrate new learning experiences with their 
prior conceptions. The teacher, meanwhile, does not lecture, 
merely pouring information into an empty vessel; rather, the 
teacher provides an environment in which students directly 
experience rich situations and then, often working in 
cooperative groups, utilize higher-order thinking and 
problem-solving skills to relate problems directly to their 
own lives--and thus, make sense of the real world. 
Excellence and equity go hand in hand. Many of the reform 
changes--such as replacing lessons that emphasize lecture 
and vocabulary with active student exploration--increase the 
success rate for underrepresented groups.

Radical reform in science education also necessitates 
radical change in the nature of schools and the teaching 
profession. As things now stand, teachers have low status in 
the community; are often poorly trained to do the job that 
the modern world requires; lack essential equipment, 
supplies, and preparation time; do not have the power to 
make the changes that are needed in their workplace; and are 
isolated from each other and from the adult world.

Science education partnerships can be of great help here. 
Scientists can provide expertise in content knowledge, 
helping teachers to focus lessons on the important concepts 
and increasing teachers' knowledge base. They can also help 
relate the classroom experiences to today's world of 
research and make the direct connections between the lessons 
and students' lives. They can provide these services by 
running workshops for teachers, participating in classroom 
lessons and laboratory activities, judging student science 
contests, and working with curriculum developers.

When successful scientists regard and treat classroom 
educators as equals, their efforts combat teacher isolation 
and help promote the teacher's standing within the 
community. Many science education partnerships bring the 
richness of the scientific world directly into the classroom 
for students to experience scientists as normal human beings 
and scientific issues as relevant to them and within their 
grasp. An additional advantage is gained when female and 
ethnic minority role models take part and thereby serve as 
living proof that the technical and scientific professions 
can be open to all.

Systemic Reform
Today's science education partnerships are beginning to 
effectively weave together the different strands of the 
science reform movement. Earlier reform efforts tended to 
emphasize just one aspect of the problem--inadequate 
textbooks, for example, or inappropriate examination 
formats--and believed that correcting that single aspect 
would remedy science education in general. The better 
partnerships today, however, recognize the many dimensions 
of the current situation that need to be addressed 
simultaneously. Teachers need instruction in new content 
and skills, lessons and materials that embody the new 
philosophy, samples of and training in alternative 
assessment tools, and support in the school and the 
community--or else the vast inertia of the existing 
school culture will doom all efforts toward improvement.

"Systemic reform" or "systemic change" is the currently used 
term for this kind of integrated, comprehensive, and radical 
change. In addition to projects at the local level, the 
systemic change movement has a national and a state policy 
component. One articulation of the systemic reform model 
emphasizes the description of a vision of excellence in the 
form of standards. Three panels under the aegis of the 
National Research Council (NRC) are currently developing 
national science education standards in the areas of 
curriculum, assessment, and teaching.

The science curriculum standards will define what students 
should know and be able to do in science at different grade 
levels. These standards will provide a broad view of the 
content and processes that students should master. 
Scientific skills in observing, reasoning, investigating, 
and problem-solving will be at least as important as the 
content knowledge base. The standards will also call for 
students to have the skills and desire to apply their 
knowledge outside the classroom.

Measuring Up
Assessment is the tool that is supposed to inform us if we 
are going in the right direction, if we are achieving the 
outcomes that we desire. Assessment plays important roles at 
the daily classroom level by teachers as well as at the 
school, state, and national levels. In addition to being a 
diagnostic tool, assessment very directly tells students, 
teachers, and parents what the education system thinks is 
important. All too often, teachers and students alike focus 
their efforts on "the test." But if we truly want the entire 
educational community to place a high value on hands-on 
experiences and higher-order thinking skills, we sabotage 
our efforts if we grade students on multiple-choice exams 
that primarily reward them for memorizing vocabulary and 
isolated facts. The new science assessment standards will 
define protocols for gauging stu-dents' accomplishments in 
ways that are valid and that reinforce the learning outcomes 
that we desire.

The teacher is the key to effective science reform. All the 
other pieces can be in place, but the reform movement will 
fail if classroom instructors do not have satisfactory 
training, knowledge, and support systems. Science teaching 
standards will define the skills and knowledge that teachers 
will need as well as the necessary components of 
professional training programs for certifying beginning 
teachers and providing essential staff development for 
existing teachers. The new teaching standards will also 
define the support systems and resources that need to be in 
place at a school.

How can these national standards help effect dramatic change 
at the local level? Informally, they can provide powerful 
support that reform advocates can use with school boards and 
education administrators at state, county, and individual-
site levels. On a more formalized state level, most states 
traditionally adopt science curriculum frameworks that 
describe the parameters for science education. These 
documents vary in their scope and authority, but they can 
have great influence on classroom teaching. Many states are 
already revising existing science curriculum frameworks so 
they embody new standards such as those emerging from NRC or 
AAAS's Project 2601 education program.

Two-Way Streets
Partnerships can play a vital role in translating these 
standards, frameworks, and assessments from the realm of 
abstract principles to the world of actual classroom 
practice. Science education partnerships are a very flexible 
tool for bringing rich scientific resources into the hands 
and minds of teachers and students. In addition, the 
scientists who participate in these programs can then 
contribute much more meaningfully to the continuing efforts 
to define and implement a truly effective science education 
system. The committees developing the standards, frameworks, 
and assessment methods include scientists who have some real 
knowledge of elementary and secondary schools because they 
have actually worked inside classrooms and side by side with 
teachers as a result of partnership programs (see story on 
page 8).

A true partnership is a two-way street--not a unidirectional 
flow of services from a science-rich institution to needy 
schools. In the most successful partnerships, colleges and 
universities also benefit greatly from interactions with 
their precollege partners. For example, professors who 
volunteer in schools often report that the experience 
markedly changes their approaches to undergraduate 
education, challenging them to move away from lecture 
formats to more effective interactive approaches. They also 
can learn from their experiences with precollege reform to 
make their own assessment instruments more authentic.

We still have a long way to go in helping our K-12 students 
attain world-class standards of achievement. There are many 
systemic barriers in all of our institutions. Just getting 
the different departments within a university or within a 
school system to collaborate often can be a daunting task. 
Yet, when we experience the enthusiasm of teachers, 
scientists, and students who have participated in science 
partnership activities, we feel justified and well rewarded 
for our efforts.

Art Sussman is the director of the Far West Eisenhower 
Regional Consortium for Science and Mathematics Education, 
serving Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah. He also is 
the editor of Science Education Partnerships: Manual for 
Scientists and K-12 Teachers, published by Science Press, 
P.O. Box 31188, San Francisco, Calif. 94131.

(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


                         COMMENTARY

------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : The Clinton Administration's Mixed Messages 
       On Biomedical Research And Innovation

AU   : JOHN CLYMER

TY   : OPINION (COMMENTARY) 

PG   : 12

Do Bill Clinton and the leaders of his health-care reform 
task force share the same goals? Compare the rhetoric in the 
president's State of the Union address in January with the 
Health Security Plan produced by the White House and you'll 
see big discrepancies on the subject of medical innovation.

In his eloquent speech, the president said reform should 
"strengthen what is good about our health-care system--the 
world's best health-care professionals, cutting edge 
research, and wonderful research institutions." I agree.

The United States is the world leader in biomedical research 
and innovation. At a breathtaking pace, our scientists and 
laboratories produce new drugs, medical devices, and 
surgical techniques that prolong and improve human life and 
reduce the cost of health care. When these new drugs, 
devices, and techniques enable people to remain productive 
instead of becoming disabled, our country's economic well-
being improves; and when these same innovations replace 
older, more costly treatments, quality health care becomes 
more affordable for all.

Unfortunately, many suggested health-care "reforms" would 
diminish medical innovation. Some policymakers, including 
the White House health-care task force, have recommended de 
facto price controls on breakthrough drugs. However, 
economists--liberals and conservatives alike--agree that 
price controls don't work. When government limits prices by 
fiat, producers supply less of the affected goods and 
services. Remember the gas shortage and blocks-long lines of 
cars leading to gas stations in the late 1970s? That 
illustrates how price controls work; it was decontrol of gas 
prices that eventually eased the shortage.

Despite quantum leaps in technology, the search for new 
cures and therapies is still a risky, trial-and-error 
process. Development of just one new drug may require the 
testing of 5,000 compounds, and all these tests cost a lot 
of  money: According to Congress' Office of Technology 
Assessment, developing a new drug costs a company, on 
average, about $359 million before taxes--about $194 million 
after the company takes advantage of tax breaks associated 
with its R&D. And it takes years to move a drug from the 
drawing board, through clinical tests, then government 
approval, to market.

The companies--pharmaceuticals, biotechs, equipment 
manufacturers--that produce medical innovations pour 
billions of dollars into research and development annually. 
To induce investors to risk so much capital requires the 
possibility of reasonable profits. Price controls sharply 
limit profit potential and scare investors away from the 
"cutting-edge research" President Clinton praised in his 
speech. Kirk Raab, chief executive of Genentech Inc., says 
that, if the government imposes price controls, "my board of 
directors is not going to be very enthusiastic about my 
spending a lot of money on research on an AIDS vaccine." 
That investors are sensitive to regulatory changes is clear 
from the fact that the mere mention of drug price controls 
has cut the market valuation of pharmaceutical and 
biotechnology stocks by $120 billion.

If you don't think private investment in biomedical research 
matters, consider this. In 1993, America's pharmaceutical 
companies invested $12.6 billion on R&D. That's 41 percent 
more than the entire budget of the National Institutes of 
Health. Biotechnology companies spent an additional $5 
billion on R&D. Medical and surgical instrument makers and 
other innovators invested billions more.

New, improved medical technologies enable people to live 
longer, healthier lives. New surgical techniques reduce 
pain, shorten patients' hospital stays, and speed their 
recovery. Fewer, shorter hospitalizations, less need for 
surgery, and other benefits of medical innovation reduce the 
cost of health care.

The president is right to want "to strengthen what is good 
about our health-care system," namely, research. I hope the 
rest of his team paid attention to his declaration. So far, 
the evidence suggests they didn't.

John M. Clymer is vice president of Americans for Medical 
Progress, an Arlington, Va.-based nonprofit organization 
whose mission is to educate the public, the media, and 
policymakers about biomedical research.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


                          LETTERS

------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Animals In Research

AU   : ODETTE GROSZ

TY   : OPINION (LETTERS)

PG   : 12

In reference to your Nov. 15, 1993, article "Animal Rights 
Movement Threatens Progress Of U.S. Medical Research" (D. Hubel, 
page 11): I take issue with the statement that "The use of 
animals in research is closely regulated by local, state, and 
federal committees...." This is not a fact. The Animal Welfare 
Act is seldom enforced and at best only when forced by the animal 
rights movement.

Anesthesia and analgesia are not the rule; in fact, in most forms 
of research they are the exception. If the experimenter chooses 
not to use painkillers, they are not required. Most experimenters 
choose not to use the anesthesia and analgesia to cut expenses.

Hubel states: "A student in a few hours at the library can come 
up with a long list of medical successes resulting from animal 
research ...." A student in a few hours at the library can come 
up with just as long a list of medical mistakes resulting from 
animal research.


ODETTE GROSZ
New Orleans, La. 70124-4029


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)


              ================================


NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : ANIMALS IN RESEARCH

AU   : SUE LUNSON FARINATO

TY   : OPINION (LETTERS

PG   : 12


Regarding David Hubel's article on animal experimentation, it is 
not true that "most states make the use of pound animals for 
research and teaching purposes illegal." Only 14 states have 
outlawed pound seizure, with the remaining states leaving it to 
local authorities to determine the fate of animals in public 
pounds. Five states actually require that public pound animals be 
turned over to experimenters: Iowa, Minnesota, Oklahoma, South 
Dakota, and Utah.

The use of animals in experiments is not closely regulated by 
local, state, and federal committees. The Animal Welfare Act 
pertains mainly to space, shelter, food, water, and cleanliness 
in laboratories. It does not protect animals in experiments. In 
fact, the administration of painkillers can be waived if an 
experimenter feels it might conflict with the experiment. In 
1985, the United States General Accounting Office reported that 
many laboratories were not inspected at all, including 51.7 
percent of the labs in California and 48.7 percent of the labs in 
New York state, homes to the highest number of research 
facilities. As for local and state anticruelty regulations, I am 
not aware of even one example when these laws restricted an 
experimenter in the treatment of an animal in a laboratory.

Some of the best medical schools in the U.S. today offer no 
animal experimentation laboratories at all. Medical schools at 
Yale, George Washington, Georgetown, Michigan State, 
Northwestern, and New York universities have all found it cheaper 
and more efficient to teach basic physiological concepts using 
entirely nonanimal methods.


SUE LUNSON FARINATO
Physicians Committee for
Responsible Medicine
5100 Wisconsin Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20016


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:

------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : SSC Shutdown

AU   : STEPHEN B. CHRISTENSEN

TY   : OPINION (LETTERS)

PG   : 12

Leon Lederman (The Scientist, Nov. 29, 1993, page 12) apparently 
feels that anyone who didn't support the superconducting 
supercollider (SSC) lacked the "reasonable science savvy" to 
"vote correctly" on the matter. This sounds like the tired old 
argument: "You must not understand the issue or you would agree 
with me."

No one is going to argue that the knowledge the SSC could provide 
is not worth obtaining. But just because something is worth doing 
does not mean that it is worth doing at any cost. Why isn't it 
reasonable to consider what else could be done with those 
billions of public dolars? Yes, it would be nice to support 
particle physics, but what about cancer research, or the fight 
against crime? Just because I apply a cost-benefit analysis to 
the question of how to spend our limited tax dollars and come up 
with a different answer from Lederman's should not brand me as 
scientifically illiterate. Perhaps the fact that he feels it does 
shows that it may be the scientists who are out of touch--not the 
politicians.

STEPHEN B. CHRISTENSEN
Dow North America
Midland, Mich. 48667


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)


              ================================


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              =====================================

NEXT:

                          RESEARCH 
---------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Citation Analysis Reveals Organic Chemistry's Most 
       Active Research 

     Editor's Note: In its July-August 1993 issue (4[7]:7-8, 
     1993), the newsletter Science Watch, published by the 
     Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in 
     Philadelphia, reported on its most recent examination 
     of publishing productivity in the field of organic 
     chemistry. Using information from ISI's Science 
     Indicators database, Science Watch listed the most-
     referenced papers in organic chemistry--a subdiscipline 
     of chemistry that employs a substantial number of 
     research chemists--for the years 1988 to 1991.

     Following is Science Watch's report, written for the 
     newsletter by John Emsley, who is a science writer in 
     residence at the department of chemistry, Imperial 
     College, London. The article is reprinted here with 
     permission of Science Watch and ISI.

TY   : RESEARCH

PG   : 15

In alternating issues, Science Watch reviews the top 10 
most-cited papers in chemistry. For more than two years the 
lists have been dominated by fullerene papers, sometimes 
exclusively so, with only an occasional paper on organic 
chemistry making the grade. This is rather odd, because most 
chemists who are engaged in chemical research are using 
organic chemistry. Rather than wait for the flood tide of 
fullerene citations to ebb, Science Watch decided to look 
beneath the waves and see what pearls of organic chemistry 
are lying unnoticed.

We have combed the ISI lists of highly cited papers for the 
years 1988 through 1991, specifically seeking those that 
cover organic topics. The three top-cited papers for each 
year are listed in the accompanying table.

In drawing up the list, I considered only primary research 
papers and not reviews, which by their very nature collect 
many citations. Having carried out the citations exercise in 
organic chemistry, we then needed to check if the topics 
being cited most really were the hot areas of organic 
chemistry.

I consulted one of Britain's leading organic chemists, Steve 
Ley of the University of Cambridge, and asked what he 
regarded as the active areas of organic chemistry at 
present. His reply was immediate and reassuring: asymmetric 
synthesis methods, catalytic antibodies, enediynes, taxol, 
and immunosuppressants, such as rapamycin. The subjects in 
the table cover three of these current hot topics.

Jumping JACS
The papers featured in the list are from well-known organic 
chemists: K.B. Sharpless, C.-H. Wong, D.A. Evans, E.J. 
Corey, D.P. Curran, E. Negishi, P.B. Dervan, R. Noyori, and 
S.L. Schreiber. Their publications are, for the most part, 
short communications in the Journal of the American Chemical 
Society, which attests to the continuing dominance of this 
primary journal.

Asymmetric synthesis accounts for more than half of the 
subjects in the table, and drug-related research most of the 
remainder. Two names appear twice: K. Barry Sharpless, 
formerly of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and 
now of the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, Calif., 
and David A. Evans of Harvard University, the former in the 
top three for 1988 and 1989, the latter in 1988 and 1991.

Not all the articles are short communications; witness the 
1988 paper on asymmetric synthesis by Evans and colleagues. 
This runs to 19 pages, of which 10 are devoted to 
experimental details. His 1991 paper, on the other hand, is 
less than two pages long.

The first of the Evans papers deals with a variant of the 
Diels-Alder reaction, which was discovered more than 60 
years ago as a useful method of synthesis starting with a 
diene and ending with a cyclic compound. Evans reports that 
unsaturated N-oxazolidinones make very versatile Diels-Alder 
reagents. (The oxazolidine ring is five-membered, with a 
nitrogen and oxygen atom separated by carbon.) These chiral 
compounds, with various substituents attached to the 
nitrogen, have several advantages: They are easy to make and 
are often crystalline; they are highly reactive; and, most 
important of all, they are diastereoselective, in many cases 
giving yields of more than 99 percent of the endo isomer. 
Clearly the significance of Evans's discovery was not lost 
on others in the field, hence the frequency of citations.

His 1991 paper is also devoted to asymmetric synthesis using 
bis(oxazolines) in which two of these five-membered rings 
are directly linked, or joined through an intervening 
carbon. These compounds are used in the form of Cu(I) 
complexes to catalyze the conversion of styrene to a mixture 
of cis and trans cyclopropane molecules, again with a marked 
preference for one of the forms.

And what of the future? What topics might we see heading a 
list of the most-cited papers in organic chemistry in four 
years' time?

For a glimpse into the crystal ball I turned to 41-year-old  
Tony Barrett, holder of the newly created Glaxo Chair of 
Chemistry at Imperial College, London. The three topics he 
thought might be found on such a list were catalytic 
asymmetric synthesis; non-linear optical materials; and 
"smart" polymers. Would-be chemistry stars, please note.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   :  MOST-CITED PAPERS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 1988-91

TY   :  RESEARCH

PG   :  15


Rank                     1988                       Total 
                                                Citations

1    E.N. Jacobsen, I. Marko, W.S. Mungall, G.      154
     Schroder, K.B. Sharpless, "Asymmetric 
     dihydroxylation via ligand-accelerated 
     catalysis," Journal of the American
     Chemical Society, 110:1968-70, 1988.

2    Y.-F. Wang, J.J. Lalonde. M. Momongan, D.E.    131
     Bergbreiter, C.-H. Wong, "Lipase-catalyzed 
     irreversible transesterifications using enol 
     esters as acylating reagents: Preparative 
     enantio- and regioselective syntheses of 
     alcohols, glycerol derivatives, sugars,
     and Organometallics," J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 
     110:7200-5, 1988.

3    D.A. Evans, K.T. Chapman, J. Bisaha,           113
     "Asymmetric  113  Diels-Alder cycloaddition 
     reactions with chiral a, b-unsaturated N-
     acyloxazolidinones," J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 
     110:1238-56, 1988.
  

                           1989

1    E.J. Corey, R. Imwinkelried, S. Pikul, Y.B.    118
     Xiang, "Practical  118 enantioselective 
     Diels-Alder and aldol reactions using a new
     chiral controller system," J. Amer. Chem. 
     Soc. 111:5493-5, 1989.

2    J.S.M. Wai, I. Mark", J.S. Svendsen, M.G.       89
     Finn, E.N. Jacobsen,  K.B. Sharpless, "A 
     mechanistic insight leads to a greatly
     improved osmium-catalyzed asymmetric 
     dihydroxylation process," J. Amer. Chem. 
     Soc., 111:1123-5, 1989.


3    D.P. Curran, C.-T. Chang, "Atom transfer        88
     cyclization reactions of a-iodo esters, 
     ketones, and malonates: Examples of selective 
     5-Exo, 6-Endo, 6-Exo, and 7-Endo ring 
     closures," Journal of Organic Chemistry, 
     54:3140-57, 1989.


                       1990

1    E. Negishi, S.J. Holmes, J.M. Tour, J.A. Miller,    72
     F.E. Cederbaum, D.R. Swanson, T. Takahashi, 
     "Metal-promoted cyclization. 19. Novel 
     bicyclization of enynes and diynes promoted 
     by zirconocene derivatives and conversion of 
     zirconabicycles into bicyclic enones via
     carbonylation," J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 111:3336-46, 
     1989.*


2    M. Konishi, H. Ohkuma, T. Tsuno, T. Oki, G.D.       53
     VanDuyne, J. Clardy, "Crystal and molecular 
     structure of dynemicin-A: a novel 1,5-Diyn-3-
     ene antitumor antibiotic," J. Amer. Chem. Soc.,
     112:3715-6, 1990.  

3    D.A. Horne, P.B. Dervan, "Recognition of            53
     mixed-sequence duplex DNA by alternate-strand 
     triple-helix formation," J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 
     112:2435-7, 1990.
 


                           1991

1    D.A. Evans, K.A. Woerpel, M.M. Hinman, M.M.        51
     Faul, "Bis(oxazolines) as chiral ligands in 
     metal-catalyzed asymmetric reactions: 
     Catalytic, asymmetric cyclopropanation
     of olefins," J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 113:726-8, 1991.

2    R. Noyori, M. Kitamura, "Enantioselective          50
     addition of organometallic reagents to carbonyl 
     compounds: Chirality transfer, multiplication, a
     and amplification," Angewandte Chemie-
     International Edition in English, 30:46-9, 1991.

3    H. Fretz, M.W. Albers, A. Galat, R.F.              43
     Standaert, W.S. Lane, S.J. Burakoff, B.E. 
     Bierer, S.L. Schreiber, "Rapamycin and
     FK506 binding proteins (immunophilins)," 
     J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 113:1409-11, 1991.


*Article appeared late in 1989 and was not cited until 1990.

~Source: ISI's Science Indicators Database, 1988-92.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:

                         HOT PAPERS

------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : IMMUNOLOGY

TY   : RESEARCH (HOT PAPERS)

PG   : 16

J.G. Bodmer, S.G.E. Marsh, E.D. Albert, W.F. Bodmer, B. 
Dupont, H.A. Erlich, B. Mach, W.R. Mayr, P. Parham, T. 
Sasazuki, G.M.Th. Schreuder, J.L. Strominger, A. Svej-gaard, 
P.I. Terasaki, "Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 
1991," Tissue Antigens, 39:161-73, 1992.

Julia G. Bodmer (Tissue Antigen Laboratory, Imperial Cancer 
Research Fund, London): "`The dull catalogue of common 
things.' These words of the 19th-century English poet John 
Keats would sound like an apt description of a nomenclature 
report. Yet for the second time in three years an HLA 
nomenclature report has been selected as a hot paper (see 
Hot Papers, The Scientist, March 18, 1991, page 15). To draw 
an analogy, the columns of figures in a company report look 
utterly boring to the uninitiated, but to the cognoscenti 
they tell the story of the company as enthrallingly as any 
thriller. Thus it is with nomenclature reports. In the dry 
tables and lists of names of new genes and alleles we can 
trace the progress of the field.

"The acceleration of progress can be measured by the number 
of new genes and alleles identified since the last report--
35 genes and 275 alleles, compared with 23 genes and 188 
alleles between the previous two reports. This, of course, 
reflects the technological advances that have occurred in 
this period, making it easier to sequence genes and 
attracting many more laboratories. There are now 119 
laboratories that have submitted sequences for naming.

"However, when the genes so far recognized and named are 
placed on the map of the p region of chromosome 6 (J. 
Trowsdale and R.D. Campbell, Immunology Today, 14:349-52, 
1993), we see that there are still gaps in which it is 
reasonable to presume there will be many more genes to be 
identified and, of course, named. Furthermore, for many of 
the well-established genes, increasing numbers of alleles 
are being recognized. If theories that relatively rapid 
evolution of polymorphism is still taking place--as, for 
example, in the American Indians--are correct, we may not in 
the foreseeable future get to the end of identifying and 
naming genes and alleles in the HLA region. It follows that 
the more rapidly new genes and alleles are identified, the 
more essential it is to keep the nomenclature up to date. 
Thus we must--and apparently from the number of quotations 
of the report we do--treat nomenclature reports not just as 
necessary paperwork but as life-saving marine charts, 
without which we would all be on the rocks."


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

             ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : CELL BIOLOGY

TY   : RESEARCH (HOT PAPERS)

PG   : 16

S.M. Thomas, M. DeMarco, G. D'Arcangelo, S. Halegoua, J.S. 
Brugge, "Ras is essential for nerve growth factor- and 
phorbol ester-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP 
kinases," Cell, 68:1031-40, 1992.

Joan S. Brugge (Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, 
Mass.): "Growth factor activation of receptor protein 
tyrosine kinases induces tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP 
kinases (MAPKs). MAPKs have been referred to as `switch' 
kinases, since they are activated by tyrosine 
phosphorylation but function as serine/threonine kinases. 
Our studies demonstrated that phosphorylation of MAPKs could 
be distinguished from other nerve growth factor (NGF)-
induced tyrosine phosphorylation events by its dependence on 
Ras (smGTP binding protein).

"Tyrosine phosphorylation of MAPKs was inhibited in NGF-
treated PC12 cells expressing a dominant-interfering vari- 
ant of Ras and stimulated in cells expressing oncogenic Ras. 
These results indicated that the tyrosine kinase re-
sponsible for MAPK phosphorylation acts downstream from Ras, 
placing Ras between the NGF receptor and MAPK (see A below). 
During the last year, a concerted effort by many 
laboratories has resulted in the identification of the 
cellular proteins that couple growth factor receptors and 
MAPKs through Ras (see B below).

"Activated receptors bind to Shc, a PTK substrate, and/or 
Grb-2. Grb-2 interacts with SOS, which activates Ras by 
exchanging GDP for GTP. Activated Ras then binds Raf. After 
activation, Raf then phosphorylates MEK, a 
serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates MAPKs.

"Thus, a linear pathway can now be drawn between the 
receptor and MAPKs; however, MAPK activation is not quite as 
straightforward as depicted. Clearly, branches exist that 
lead to and from individual components of the pathway. For 
instance, activation of protein kinase C by phorbol esters 
or activation of G-protein coupled receptors can lead to 
MAPK activation, and kinases other than Raf and MEK can also 
regulate MAPK activation. In addition, the regulation of Raf 
and the precise function of MAPKs in the growth and 
differentiation process remain ambiguous. Given the rapidity 
with which  molecules involved  in MAPK activation were 
identified, these issues should be resolved quickly."

A.        ?                ?

Receptor-->>-->>-->>RAS-->>-->>-->>MAPK
PTK


B.

Receptor->>-SHC->>GRB-2->>SOS->>RAS->>RAF->>MEK->>MAPK
PTK


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:

                     TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY

------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Refinements In Bioluminescence Assays Expand 
       Technique's Applications

AU   : RICKI LEWIS

TY   : TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY

PG   : 17

Chemists, biologists, and medical researchers are 
continually looking for sensitive, nonradioactive assays. In 
the mid-1980s, many scientists turned to newly developed 
bioluminescence assays for their needs. Now, in just the 
past few years, the uses for these tests--based on the 
phenomenon of light emission from a biochemical reaction--
have increased dramatically in number, as the underlying 
technology has been refined and extended.

Bioluminescence occurs in certain jellyfish, bacteria, 
mushrooms, fungi, crustaceans, fishes, worms, and beetles, 
including the familiar Photinus pyralis, a type of firefly. 
Harnessed for use in the laboratory, bioluminescence can be 
used to detect bacterial contamination in soft drink 
bottles; to predict the effect of chemotherapies on cancer 
cells; and as a reporter molecule to highlight gene 
expression in molecular biology experiments. More broadly, 
using recombinant technologies, researchers are 
incorporating bioluminescence into immunoassays and DNA 
probes.

"There is a tremendous range of applications of 
bioluminescence," says Larry Kricka, a professor in the 
department of pathology and laboratory medicine at the 
University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.

A bioluminescence experiment basically requires a paired set 
of biochemicals: an enzyme, variously called a luciferase or 
a photoprotein, and a substrate, which is a molecule that 
emits light upon interacting with the enzyme or 
photoprotein. Each bioluminescent system requires unique co-
factors and buffers.

"There are a lot of natural, biological, light-producing 
systems, and the enzymes in all of them are called 
luciferases," says Julie Molloy, business manager of 
Analytical Luminescence Laboratory, San Diego, which 
specializes in kits using firefly luciferase. The substrates 
for luciferases are called luciferins. Both terms were 
coined by German physiologist Emil Heinrich DuBois-Reymond 
near the end of the 19th century, in connection with his 
work on the glowing clam Pholas dactylus.

Luciferases and luciferins are not interchangeable between 
bioluminescent species, where they may be involved in 
totally different reactions. For example, luciferase from 
Photobacterium fischeri, often just called bacterial 
luciferase, catalyzes reactions involving the molecules 
FMNH2 and NADH, and is used to trace certain metabolic 
reactions. The more commonly used firefly luciferase, by 
contrast, detects the biological energy molecule ATP 
(adenosine triphosphate). Bioluminescent proteins from sea 
organisms take part in yet a third type of reaction.

Firefly Luciferase
Harnessing bioluminescence began in the 1940s, when 
Baltimore schoolchildren brought jars of fireflies to the 
Johns Hopkins University laboratory of William McElroy and 
Marlene DeLuca. Over the next three decades, this team 
isolated and described the reactants and enzymes of the 
bioluminescence reaction. They found that light emission 
occurs when firefly luciferin, which is an organic acid, 
reacts with ATP to form an intermediate compound, luciferyl 
adenylate. In the presence of oxygen and magnesium or 
manganese ions, luciferase catalyzes oxidation of the 
intermediate, producing a compound called oxyluciferin--and 
a flash of light.

The rationale for using firefly bioluminescence in many of 
today's assays is simply that where there is life, there is 
ATP. Measuring the light produced in the bioluminescent 
reaction with ATP is, therefore, also a measure of metabolic 
activity.

"But it wasn't until the late 1970s and early 1980s that 
there were active applications," says Molloy. "One of the 
first areas looked at was a rapid urine screen for urinary 
tract infections. The technique was also carried aboard the 
Viking spacecraft as one of the methods to detect potential 
life on Mars."

DeLuca and McElroy eventually relocated to the University of 
California, San Diego, and founded the nearby Analytical 
Luminescence Laboratory in 1981.

"Today people use firefly luciferase to test for ATP in all 
sorts of different applications," says Kricka. "It is a 
rapid microbiological test for bacterial contamination. For 
example, Coca Cola uses it to test beverages before they are 
bottled."

In 1986, bioluminescence entered the age of molecular 
biology in an arresting figure of a glowing tobacco plant 
published by researchers in the departments of biology and 
chemistry at UC-San Diego (David W. Ow, et. al., Science, 
234[4778]:856-9, 1986). They linked a complementary DNA 
(cDNA) product corresponding to the gene for firefly 
luciferase to a plant virus promoter (control sequence), 
then inserted this into a bacterial plasmid (a ring of DNA) 
and infected tobacco leaf cells in culture. Transgenic 
tobacco plants were regenerated from cultures that glowed 
when exposed to oxygen and luciferin.

A wide variety of researchers now use the firefly luciferase 
gene as a reporter molecule by linking it to different genes 
of interest. An investigator is then able to follow gene 
expression by detecting bioluminescence in different cells 
and tissues at different stages of development in a 
transgenic organism. 

"The gene for firefly luciferase has become a powerful tool 
in genetic engineering and molecular biology, used instead 
of the [bacterial] CAT [chloramphenicol acetyltrans-ferase] 
gene as a reporter," says Kricka. "It is nonradioisotopic 
and very, very sensitive."

Analytical Luminescence Laboratory offers firefly luciferin, 
luciferase, buffers, and standards in a variety of 
combinations, plus protocols for applications in genetic 
engineering and for detecting bacteria and yeast. Firefly 
luciferin and luciferase are also offered by Accurate 
Chemical and Scientific Corp., Westbury, N.Y.; Boehringer 
Mannheim Biochemicals Inc., Indianapolis; Calbiochem-
Novabiochem Corp., San Diego; ICN Biomedicals, Costa Mesa, 
Calif.; Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.; R&D Systems Corp., 
Minneapolis; Sigma Chemical Corp., St. Louis; Worthington 
Biochemical Corp., Freehold, N.J.; and others.

While Analytical Luminescence Laboratory gets its luciferin 
and luciferase from freeze-dried firefly abdomens shipped 
from an East Coast company, many of the other vendors obtain 
luciferase from a firefly luci-ferase cDNA cloned in E. coli 
bacteria. This source, as with most proteins derived from 
recombinant DNA technology, is purer than the direct 
biological source. And for teachers interested in a glowing 
lesson, the Carolina Biological Supply Co. of Burlington, 
N.C., sells freeze-dried firefly tails in kits with all 
materials needed for students to extract luciferin and 
luciferase and then conduct a bioluminescence reaction.

BATLE Luminetrics Enterprises Inc. of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., 
is developing a very specific use of firefly 
bioluminescence. An in vitro TCA-100 Tumor Chemosensitivity 
Assay uses firefly luciferase to assess whether tumor cells 
respond to specific drugs in vitro, before testing the drugs 
on the patient. 

"You culture tumor cells, expose the cells to combinations 
of drugs, and estimate the numbers of cells by 
bioluminescence with firefly luciferase," says Kricka. 
Declining luminescence indicates falling ATP production, 
which means that the cells are being killed. Company 
literature suggests that a physician can use TCA-100 along 
with other information to choose among recommended standard 
chemotherapeutic protocols for a particular tumor type, to 
try drugs on drug-resistant tumors, or to evaluate 
chemotherapies for cancers so rare that standard protocols 
don't exist.

Several vendors also sell the key instrumentation for 
bioluminescence systems. Luminometers to detect 
bioluminescence can be purchased from Analytical 
Luminescence Laboratory, San Diego; Dynatech Laboratories 
Inc., Chantilly, Va.; Labsystems Inc., Shrewsbury, Mass.; 
MGM Instruments Inc., Hamden, Conn.; and others.

Bioluminescence From The Sea
Tapping the sea for bioluminescent organisms has ancient 
roots--Roman scholar Pliny the Elder (23-79 <MS>A.D.) wrote 
of a glowing slime that he would rub on a variety of 
objects, which was actually a jellyfish that lived in the 
Bay of Naples. Today, SeaLite Sciences Inc. of Bogart, Ga., 
is the sole company developing and commercializing 
recombinant bioluminescent proteins from sea life, based on 
discoveries made at the University of Georgia, Athens.

SeaLite's AquaLite system uses a gene from the 
bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victori, produced in 
recombinant E. coli bacteria. It is quite different from the 
firefly luciferase system. The equivalent of luciferase is 
not an enzyme, but a photoprotein called aequorin. When a 
jellyfish version of luciferin binds oxygen and a precursor 
form of aequorin, called apoaequorin, the mature aequorin 
forms. Adding calcium ions alters the shape of the aequorin, 
triggering release of a flash of blue light. 

"Aequorin is different from conventional luciferases," says 
Lee Herron, president of SeaLite. "Most luciferases glow; 
the photoprotein is more of a very rapid flash." Aqua- Lite, 
the glowing product itself, consists of aequorin bound to 
its luciferin. The basis of the assay is that the conjugate 
flashes in the presence of calcium.

The AquaLite system can be adapted to two major biotechnolo-
gies--immunoassay and DNA probes--by covalently linking 
recombinant aequorin to antibodies or streptavidin, 
respectively. AquaLite offers advantages over enzyme-based 
immunoassays and fluorescence-based DNA probes in that it 
can detect analytes in small amounts and over a wide range 
of concentrations, making serial dilutions unnecessary.

A bioluminescence immunoassay has two components--
polystyrene tubes coated with antibodies to an analyte, and 
recombinant aequorin covalently linked to antibodies to the 
analyte. When a body fluid sample is added to the tube, the 
aequorin-tagged antibody and the antibody coated on the tube 
form a sandwich around the analyte. The user washes unbound 
antibody from the tube, places the tube in a luminometer, 
and injects a calcium solution. As aequorin contorts, the 
characteristic flash appears--if the aequorin has been 
retained by the analyte. The light intensity is directly 
proportional to the amount of the analyte (and, therefore, 
bound aequorin) present, so a calibration curve can be set 
up to determine the concentration of the analyte in the 
sample.

SeaLite offers a bioluminescence immunoassay kit to detect 
interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human serum, and plans to introduce 
kits for other cytokines soon. The company also uses the 
sandwich approach to detect and quantitate the pregnancy 
hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and thyroid 
stimulating hormone (TSH).

Bioluminescent DNA probes are also in development, with at 
least one currently available. Most DNA probes are now used 
in in vitro diagnostics (R. Lewis, The Scientist, Jan. 10, 
1994, page 17). In many of these probes, the nucleic acid is 
linked to the vitamin biotin. It is the attraction of biotin 
to streptavidin, which is bound to an antibody or 
fluorescent molecule, providing a signal that permits 
detection of the probe.

Used in such a probe, AquaLite binds to streptavidin. A 
flash of blue announces the attached probe's presence, such 
as in a body fluid harboring infectious bacteria or viruses. 
SeaLite sells aequorin bound to streptavidin or biotin.

Generally speaking, bioluminescence is a type of 
chemiluminescence. In most labs, researchers have tended to 
more often use the strictly chemical systems, such as those 
based on alkaline phosphatase.

"This was because bioluminescent reagents until recently 
were extracted [only] from biological sources," says Kricka. 
"There were questions of purity, quality, and reliability, 
whereas chemiluminescence, based on an organic compound with 
a well-defined stability, didn't have the same problems."

Bioluminescence is now filling its own niches as well as 
competing with chemiluminescence. ATP detection via firefly 
luciferase, for example, has no chemiluminescent 
counterpart, Kricka says. And aequorin, used in 
bioimmunoassay and DNA probes, directly competes with well-
established chemiluminescent approaches.


Ricki Lewis, a freelance writer based in Scotia, N.Y., is 
the author of several biology textbooks.

(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   :  SUPPLIERS OF BIOLUMINESCENCE ASSAY KITS, PRODUCTS, 
        AND INSTRUMENTATION

TY   :  TOOLS & TECHNOLOGY

PG   : 19

The following vendors develop and/or market bioluminescence 
assay kits, products, and instrumentation for  a variety of 
research and clinical laboratory uses. For more information 
about products, services, and prices, please contact these 
companies directly.

Accurate Chemical
and Scientific Corp.
300 Shames Dr.
Westbury, N.Y. 11590
(800) 645-6264
Fax: (516) 997-4948 

Analytical Luminescence
Laboratory
11760 Sorrento Valley Rd.
Suite E
San Diego, Calif. 92121
(619) 455-9283

BATLE Luminetrics
Enterprises Inc.
5601 N. Dixie Highway
Suite 215
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. 33334
(800) 423-2402
Fax: (305) 491-0869

Boehringer Mannheim
Biochemicals Inc.
9115 Hague Rd.
Indianapolis, Ind. 46250
(800) 428-5433
Fax: (317) 845-2000

Calbiochem-Novabiochem
Corp.
10394 Pacific Center Court
San Diego, Calif. 92121
(619) 450-9600
Fax: (619) 453-3552

Carolina Biological
Supply Co.
2700 York Rd.
Burlington, N.C. 27215
(800) 334-5551
Fax: (919) 584-3399

Charm Bioengineering Inc.
36 Franklin St.
Malden, Mass. 02148
(617) 322-1523
Fax: (617) 322-3141

Coulter Corp.
MC 32-A038
P.O. Box 169015
Miami, Fla. 33116-9015
(800) 526-6932
Fax: (305) 380-5990

Dynatech Laboratories
Inc.
14340 Sullyfield Circle
Chantilly, Va. 22021
(703) 631-7800
Fax: (703) 631-7816

Fine Science Tools Inc.
373 G Vintage Park Dr.
Foster City,, Calif. 94404
(800) 521-2109
Fax: (415) 349-3729

ICN Biomedicals
ICN Plaza
3300 Hyland Ave.
Costa Mesa, Calif. 92626
(714) 545-0113
Fax: (714) 641-7275

Integrated Biosolutions
Inc.
4270 U.S. Route 1
Monmouth Junction, N.J. 08852
(908) 274-1778
Fax: (908) 274-1733

IN/US Systems Inc.
5809 N. 50th St.
Tampa, Fla. 33610-4809
(800) 875-4687
Fax: (813) 620-3708

Jasco Inc.
8649 Commerce Dr.
Easton, Md. 21601
(410) 822-1220
Fax: (410) 822-7526

JM Science Inc.
5820 Main St.
Suite 300
Buffalo, N.Y. 14221-5734
(800) 387-7187
Fax: (716) 634-1970

Labsystems Inc.
300 Second Ave.
Needham Heights, Mass.
02194-2818
(800) 522-7763
Fax: (508) 480-9999

LJL Biosystems
404 Tasman Dr.
Sunnyvale,, Calif. 94089
(408) 541-8755
Fax: (408) 541-8786

MGM Instruments
Inc.
925 Sherman Ave.
Hamden, Conn. 06514
(203) 248-4008
Fax: (203) 288-2621

National Diagnostics
Inc.
305 Patton Dr.
Atlanta, Ga. 30336
(404) 699-2121
Fax: (404) 699-2077

New England Biolabs
Inc.
32 Tozer Rd.
Beverly, Mass. 01915
(508) 927-5054
Fax: (508) 921-1350

Perkin Elmer Corp.
761 Main St.
Norwalk, Conn. 06859-0105
(203) 762-4681
Fax: (203) 762-4997

Promega Corp.
2800 Woods Hollow Rd.
Madison, Wis. 53711
(608) 274-4330
Fax: (608) 273-6967

R&D Systems 
 Corp.
614 McKinley Place, N.E.
Minneapolis, Minn. 55413
(612) 379-2956
Fax: (612) 379-6580

SeaLite Sciences
 Inc.
187 Ben Burton Circle
Bogart, Ga. 30622
(800) 874-4471
Fax: (404) 546-4962

Sigma Chemical
Co.
Catalog Department
3050 Spruce St.
St. Louis, Mo. 63103
(800) 325-3010
Fax: (314) 771-5750

Tropix Inc.
47 Wiggins Ave.
Bedford, Mass. 01730
(617) 271-0045
Fax: (617) 275-8581

Wallac Inc.
(An EG&G Co.)
9238 Gaither Rd.
Gaithersburg, Md. 20877
(800) 638-6692
Fax: (301) 963-7780

Worthington Biochemical
Corp.
Halls Mills Rd.
Freehold, N.J. 07728
(908) 462-3838
Fax: (908) 308-4453


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


                        NEW PRODUCTS

------------------------------------------------------------
TI   :  Medical Systems' New Stepper System

TY   :  NEW PRODUCTS

PG   :  20

Medical Systems Corp. of Greenvale, N.Y., offers its newest 
SIGNIFICANT SCAT-01 Ultra-Stepper, a computer-controlled 
microelectrode stepper system for use in neurophysiological 
experiments. The SCAT-01 provides movement fast enough to 
avoid "dimpling" in brain tissue and to penetrate many small 
cells. Electrical interference from the stepping motor is 
neg- ligible; simultaneous recording from the advancing 
electrode can therefore stop the electrode at an appropriate 
position. Common step patterns are available with included 
software; alternative patterns can be developed by the user 
with the supplied BASIC computer language. An ultrasonically 
coupled keypad provides remote control.

(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)


              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Two New Series Of Multirange Spectrometers From Bio-Rad

TY   :  NEW PRODUCTS

PG   :  20

Bio-Rad of Cambridge, Mass., has released the FTS 175 and 
FTS 185 series of multirange FT-IR spectrometers. The series 
offers dual-source capability, interchangeable beamsplit-
ters, automatic beamsplitter alignment, rapid scanning, 
continuous dynamic alignment, and dual-detector capability. 
Prices start at around $3,000. Researchers may buy what they 
need with the ability to add to the spectrometer as sampling 
needs grow. Users may add hyphenated technique accessories 
or an external sample compartment. Each spectrometer is 
ready to run with Bio-Rad's Win-IR Software. This Windows-
based package includes many data-manipulation routines that 
are normally options.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Vector Laboratories' Monoclonal Antibody

TY   :  NEW PRODUCTS

PG   :  20

Vector Laboratories of Burlingame, Calif., has made 
available a new anti-estrogen receptor monoclonal antibody 
that is effective in paraffin-embedded tissue with a 
microwave antigen retrieval technique. Developed by 
Novocastra Laboratories using fusion protein technology 
called SIMAT, this antibody has been raised to recombinant 
estrogen receptor protein and provides intense labeling of 
tumor cell nuclei.

When the product is used in conjunction with the company's 
VECTA-STAIN Elite ABC Kit for Mouse IgG and DAB Substrate 
Kit, immunohistochemical localization of estrogen receptor 
in frozen paraffin sections is achieved without background 
staining. Vector Laboratories is the exclusive 
representative for Novocastra products in the United States.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Brochure Offers Intelligenetics' Sequencing Line

TY   :  NEW PRODUCTS

PG   :  20

Intelligenetics Inc. of Mountain View, Calif., has put out a 
new brochure describing its line of sequencing products. The 
brochure details instrumentation for DNA film scanning and 
image analysis; best-selling software for DNA and protein 
sequence analysis on Macintosh, PC, Sun, and VAX computers; 
online services; specialized data-bases; technical support 
services; and programs for the fastest and most sensitive 
database searching.

(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : MicroCal Introduces Graphics And Data-Analysis 
       Software Package

TY   :  NEW PRODUCTS

PG   :  20

Origin, from Micro- Cal Software Inc. of Northampton, Mass., 
is a Windows-based technical graphics and data-analysis 
application. Origin has the ability to process large data 
sets and has a variety of publication-quality graphic output 
options. It also offers multiple-plot windows and can 
produce multiple graphs on a single page; additionally, it 
can perform sophisticated scientific calculations, 
statistics, and curve fitting. Origin's scripting language, 
LabTalk, which requires simple programming, provides a wide 
range of functionality for collecting, analyzing, and 
presenting data. Origin has been designed as an open-ended 
application to support add-on modules for more advanced 
functions, including data acquisition, statistics, peak 
fitting, kinetic analysis, binding analysis, and 
chromatography.

(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   :  One-Step Immunoassay From AMAC

TY   :  NEW PRODUCTS

PG   :  20

The soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) assay from AMAC Inc. of 
Westbrook, Maine, is a one-step sandwich enzyme ligand 
immunoassay. This test may be used to measure sIL-6R in 
serum, plasma, and culture media.  Only biologically active 
sIL-6R is measured. The microtiter plate wells are coated 
with anti-IL6 antibody. The standards, samples, and 
conjugate (containing IL-6 and anti-sIL-6R antibody 
conjugated to alkaline phosphatase) are added to the 
microtiter plate and incubated for 16-20 hours at room 
temperature on a shaker. The sIL-6R in the sample is bound 
to the wall of the well via its ligand, IL-6.  This property 
permits measurement of biologically active sIL-6R.  After 
the microtiter plate is washed, a chromogenic substrate is 
added and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes on a 
shaker. The plate can be read on a spectrophotometer at 405 
to 415 nm. AMAC supplies the sIL-6R assay in a 96-test kit 
format containing all the reagents necessary to perform the 
assay. The microtiter plate has break-away wells to avoid 
wasting coated wells.

(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : ICN Biomedicals Releases Mycoplasma Removal Agent

TY   :  NEW PRODUCTS

PG   :  20

ICN Biomedicals Inc. of Costa Mesa, Calif., offers 
Mycoplasma Removal Agent (MRA), a water-soluble oxo-
quinoline-carboxylic acid derivative.

MRA kills mycoplasma effectively, and in a shorter treatment 
time, rather than just inhibiting its growth.

It is effective against both cultured and "wild-type" 
mycoplasma and can be used by following the simple protocol 
that comes with every shipment.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


                         PROFESSION

------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : New Program Helps Long Island Biotechnology Firms 
       Obtain Funding

AU   : EDWARD R. SILVERMAN

TY   : PROFESSION

PG   : 21

Biotechnology companies based on Long Island, N.Y., can now 
get help applying for federal research grants, thanks to a 
new program dedicated to forging links between scientists 
and industry.

Called the Technical Evaluation and Partnering Program, or 
TEP, the five-month-old effort was launched by a pair of 
institutions in the area--the Long Island Research Institute 
and the Center for Biotechnology at the State University of 
New York, Stony Brook. The program is designed to match 
local technology businesses with experienced researchers who 
can assist the companies in preparing their grant 
applications.

Ultimately, its organizers are aiming for TEP to be a 
springboard for promoting Long Island's nascent 
biotechnology industry, which is increasingly being viewed 
by analysts as crucial to the region's future now that the 
area's once-thriving defense business has shrunk.

"We're trying to interest those companies whose defense 
contracts are drying up to develop devices for solving 
medical problems," says Carol Dempster, manager of 
technology commercialization at the Long Island Research 
Institute, an independent, nonprofit organization dealing 
with technology transfer. "We need to get more interaction 
going to accelerate commercialization," Dempster says.

Initially, TEP's annual budget will be between $50,000 and 
$100,000, with funding being provided by the New York State 
Science and Technology Foundation, a nonprofit organization, 
and the New York Biotechnology Association, a local trade 
group.

How It Works
Interested companies seeking TEP's help will receive 
assessments of their projects' commercial feasibility from 
the Long Island Research Institute. Then, SUNY-Stony Brook's 
Center for Biotechnology will tap its 150-member science 
faculty to consult on the application and the overall grant 
process.

Any biotech company from Long Island and nearby communities 
is eligible to apply for help in seeking federal Small 
Business Innovative Research Grants (SBIRs), Small Business 
Technology Transfer Research Grants (STTRs), or Cooperative 
Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs).

Of course, applicants must meet the government's mandatory 
criteria. In seeking an SBIR grant, for instance, a company 
must be domestically owned and employ fewer than 500 people, 
and the principal investigator must work at least 50 percent 
of the time for the company. In addition, the SBIR program, 
which provides a total of $850,000 over two phases, requires 
that at least half the work be done on company premises.

By comparison, the STTR program requires only that the 
principal investigator have a formal relationship with the 
applying company; he or she doesn't have to be an employee. 
Outside research can account for as much as 60 percent of a 
project, which can receive a total of $600,000 in funding 
over three years, including development.


`Getting It To The Right Place'
"We know there's a need for help in pursuing these grants, 
but getting it to the right place is hard," says Glenn 
Prestwich, an organic chemist who is the director of the 
Center for Biotechnology and is overseeing SUNY-Stony 
Brook's involvement in TEP.

"Our expertise is in doing evaluations," Prestwich says. 
"Companies often don't have the resources to put someone on 
this for two months to write a proposal."

Prestwich says he is unaware of the existence of similar 
programs elsewhere. "We kind of dreamt it up," he says. 
"It's not modeled on somebody else's program . . . [but] I'd 
be surprised if something in a similar form doesn't exist in 
other places."

Peer Review
Prestwich and the Stony Brook science faculty will 
essentially serve as a peer review committee by doing two 
things.

First, they'll critique a proposal as if they were reviewing 
it for the relevant federal granting agency, emphasizing 
style and substance.

For those companies seeking more intensive consulting, the 
center will provide what Prestwich calls intellectual input. 
"If a one-hour critique isn't sufficient, the applicant pays 
a consulting fee and maybe develops a bona fide research 
relationship," he says.

"But it will take a while before this happens. It's really 
wide open. Maybe we'll provide bridge loans. We're not 
exactly sure what to expect. Word is still just getting out 
there, because our solicitations just went out."

For more information, contact the Long Island Research 
Institute at (516) 689-6300 or SUNY-Stony Brook's Center for 
Biotechnology at (516) 632-8521.

Edward R. Silverman is a freelance writer based in Millburn, 
N.J.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

             ================================

NEXT:


                           PEOPLE

------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Former Los Alamos Lab Chief Scientist Named Gordon 
       Conferences' New Director

AU   : CRAIG MONTESANO

TY   : PROFESSION (PEOPLE)

PG   : 22

Carl Storm, former chief scientist and program manager for 
technology development at Los Alamos National Laboratory's 
Explosives Technology and Application Division Office, has 
assumed the position of director of the Gordon Research 
Conferences. Storm, 59, succeeded Alexander Cruickshank, who 
had held the position since 1968. Storm began his new job on 
December 1.

Founded in 1931, the Gordon Research Conferences is a Rhode 
Island-based organization that sponsors meetings exploring 
topics at the frontiers of chemistry, physics, and the 
biological sciences. Convened in New England, California, 
Hawaii, and Europe, the conferences attract approximately 
15,000 scientists worldwide and are characterized by a 
casual, off-the-record environment. Attendance at the 
individual Gordon conferences is limited to small groups of 
100 to 130 scientists (J. Seiken, The Scientist, April 29, 
1991, page 19).

Storm, himself a regular participant in past Gordon Research 
Conferences, says his first priority is to sustain "the 
traditional high quality of the conference. Ever since I 
took this job, people have communicated to me how much of an 
impact the conference has had on them."

He also plans to work with the conferences' board of 
trustees to develop a "globalizing" of future gatherings. 
Storm envisions a situation in which conference sites would 
alternate between the United States and Europe in successive 
years, creating, he says, "a more international 
participation of scientists."

Storm earned a doctorate in organic and biochemistry from 
Johns Hopkins University in 1965. From 1968 to 1985, he 
served on the faculty at Howard University, where he taught 
and conducted research under the sponsorship of the National 
Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, the 
Petroleum Research Fund, and the North Atlantic Treaty 
Organization, as well as the Office of Naval Research.

--Craig Montesano

(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:



------------------------------------------------------------
TI   :  AAAS Honors Public Health Advocates

AU   : CRAIG MONTESANO

TY   : PROFESSION (PEOPLE)

PG   : 22

June Osborn, a professor of epidemiology and pediatrics at 
the University of Michigan, and Mathilde Krim, founding co-
chairwoman of the board of the American Foundation for AIDS 
Research (AmFAR), have received the 1994 Scientific Freedom 
and Responsibility Award from the American Association for 
the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The awards were presented 
February 21, in conjunction with AAAS's annual meeting in 
San Francisco.

Osborn was dean of Michigan's School of Public Health from 
1984 to 1993 and served as associate dean of the Graduate 
School for Biological Sciences at the University of 
Wisconsin, Madison, from 1975 to 1984. She was recognized by 
AAAS for her efforts in the areas of scientific research, 
medical practice, public health, and health-care policy 
issues. During the early 1980s, Osborn was one of the first 
scientists in the United States to publicly decry hatred and 
discrimination against people with AIDS. Her role as 
chairwoman of the National Commission on AIDS and her past 
leadership of a National Institutes of Health advisory board 
on policies regarding HIV are credited with setting a new 
standard in AIDS advocacy and public health policy.

Commenting on receiving the award, Osborn says she is 
"pleased that AAAS has recognized the AIDS epidemic as a 
very important area of scientific responsibility."

Krim, an adjunct professor of public health at Columbia 
University since 1990, was cited for her efforts to change 
the public's perceptions about AIDS and generating private 
support for AIDS research and prevention. In 1983, she 
established the AIDS Medical Foundation, the first private 
organization to foster and support AIDS research. The 
organization, which changed its name to AmFAR in 1985, has 
given $65 million to 1,300 projects in basic AIDS-related 
scientific and psychosocial research, community- based 
clinical research programs, and AIDS prevention projects.

Krim says she finds the honor "particularly meaningful" 
because it comes from the scientific community. "I hope it 
encourages scientists to become involved in the field, 
because it has great humanitarian value," she says.

--Craig Montesano


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:

                       PEOPLE BRIEFS

------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : Shing-Tung Yau

TY   : PROFESSION (PEOPLE BRIEFS)

PG   : 23

Shing-Tung Yau, a professor of mathematics at Harvard 
University, and Simon Donaldson, a professor of mathematics 
at Oxford University, were named winners of the 1993 
Crafoord Prize. The prize, accompanied by a cash award of 
$300,000, is presented by the Royal Swedish Academy in 
disciplines considered ineligible for Nobel Prize 
contention. Yau was honored for contributions in the 
investigation of black holes through differential geometry, 
the study of curved lines, surfaces, and their properties. 
Donaldson was cited for his work in four-dimensional 
geometry.

Yau, who received his Ph.D. from the University of 
California, Berkeley, in 1971, has been on the Harvard 
faculty since 1987. Previously, he had been a professor of 
mathematics at the University of California, San Diego, from 
1984 to 1987, as well as at the Institute for Advanced Study 
in Princeton, N.J., from 1979 to 1984.

Donaldson, who has been Wallis Professor of Mathematics at 
Oxford since 1985, was a visiting member at the Institute 
for Advanced Study in 1983 and 1984. From 1983 to 1985, he 
was a junior research fellow at All Souls College in Oxford. 
He received his M.A. from Oxford in 1984.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)


              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : CAROL HALL and SUSAN KEMNITZER

TY   : PROFESSION (PEOPLE BRIEFS)

PG   : 23

Carol Hall, a professor of chemical engineering at North 
Carolina State University, and Susan Kemnitzer, deputy 
director of the division of engineering education and 
centers at the National Science Foundation, are recipients 
of Tulane University's 1994 Newcomb Lectureships for 
Renowned Women in Chemical Engineering.

The lectureships, presented annually by Tulane since 1991, 
acknowledge women who have made notable contributions in 
chemical engineering and related fields, and are given at 
the university. Kemnitzer presented her lecture, entitled 
"Changing America: The New Face of Science and Technology," 
last fall. Hall's lecture, to be given on April 7, is 
entitled "Toward a New Equation State for Hydrocarbons and 
Polymers."

Kim O'Connor, an assistant professor in the department of 
chemical engineering at Tulane and founder of the 
lectureships, says that, in addition to their contributions 
to the betterment of conditions for women in science, Hall 
and Kemnitzer "have professional credentials that stand on 
their own in taking leadership roles in chemical engineering 
and related topics."

Hall, cited for her "innovative research in statistical 
thermodynamics," received her Ph.D. from the State 
University of New York, Stony Brook, in 1973. She was an 
assistant professor of chemical engineering at Princeton 
University from 1977 to 1985, as well as a staff member in 
the corporate economics department of AT&T Bell Laboratories 
in Murray Hill, N.J., from 1976 to 1977.

Kemnitzer served as executive director of the Congressional 
Task Force on Women, Minorities, and the Handicapped in 
Science and Technology from 1987 to 1990, as director of the 
legislative policy group at NSF from 1981 to 1987, and as a 
special assistant to the Secretary of the Interior from 1987 
to 1981. She was honored for her work "to improve the 
quality of engineering education in the nation." O'Connor 
says that Kemnitzer has also been instrumental in efforts to 
"enlarge minority and handicapped populations in the fields 
of science and technology."

Past recipients of the lectureship include Martha Farmer, 
manager of product development at Baxter Healthcare Corp. in 
Deerfield, Ill.; Alice Gast, associate professor of chemical 
engineering at Stanford University; Mary Good, 
undersecretary of technology at the Department of Commerce; 
and Linda Wang, a professor of chemical engineering at 
Purdue University.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   : JAN VISSER

TY   : PROFESSION (PEOPLE BRIEFS)

PG   : 23


Jan Visser, former head of the department of medical 
pathology at the Medical Biology Laboratory TNO, the 
Netherlands, has been named to direct the newly established 
Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology at the Lindsley F. Kimball 
Research Institute of the New York Blood Center. Visser will 
direct the laboratory's basic research into the nature and 
functions of hematopoietic stem cells--the "master cells" 
that give rise to all other blood cells--and will 
investigate the clinical uses and potential gene therapy 
applications of stem cells in cancer treatment.

A stem cell biologist for 17 years, Visser is the European 
editor of the journal Cytometry and a member of the 
editorial boards of Experimental Hematology and the Journal 
of Immunological Methods. He is also the secretary of the 
European Stem Cell Club and the incoming president of the 
International Society of Experimental Hematology. He 
received his Ph.D. from the State University of Leiden, the 
Netherlands, in 1975.


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)

              ================================

NEXT:

                          OBITUARY


------------------------------------------------------------
TI   :  ARTHUR C. GIESE

TY   :  PROFESSION (OBITUARY)

PG   :  23


Arthur C. Giese, a professor, emeritus, of biological 
sciences at Stanford University, died January 1 at Stanford 
Hospital after suffering a heart attack. He was 89 years 
old.

Giese was an authority on marine invertebrate biology, cell 
physiology, and protozoology. At the time of his death, 
Giese was completing the seventh edition of his textbook 
Cell Physiology (Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co.), first 
published in 1959.

Although Giese retired from the Stanford faculty in 1970, he 
maintained a full-time, active career until his death. Giese 
managed to continue working despite having his leg and 
pelvis broken in 13 places after being struck by a car in 
1981.

A native of Chicago, Giese earned his bachelor's degree at 
the University of Chicago in 1927. He came to Stanford in 
1929 to complete doctoral work and joined the faculty in 
1933.

Giese was noted for the depth of his concern for both 
graduate and undergraduate students at Stanford. Former 
Stanford president Donald Kennedy, in a written statement 
read at a memorial service, recounted how Giese would 
photograph, interview, and evaluate each of his 160 students 
over the course of a year in a cell physiology class.  Wrote 
Kennedy, "I doubt if many Stanford faculty members have 
written, over the years, as many recommendations to medical 
and graduate schools as he."


(The Scientist, Vol:8, #5, March 7, 1994)    
(Copyright, The Scientist, Inc.)


              ================================

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